Notes
Introduction
1 Rohinton Medhora and Yiagadeesen Samy, Canada-Africa Relations: Looking Back, Looking Ahead, Canada Among Nations 2013, 2
2 Ibid, 118
3 Ibid, 25-28
4 Allan Gotlieb, Romanticism and realism in Canada’s foreign policy, Policy Options, Feb 2005 (http://policyoptions.irpp.org/issues/canada-in-the-world/romanticism-and-realism-in-canadas-foreign-policy/); Jennifer M. Welsh, Wake-up call for a dozy Canada, The Globe and Mail, May 10 2003 (http://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/wake-up-call-for-a-dozy-canada/article750501/?page=all)
5 Chukwudi Pettson Onwumere, At Arm’s Length: Canada’s relations with Commonwealth west Africa 1957-1977, McMaster University thesis, 1978, 16
6 Ibid, 21
7 Kevin Spooner, Canada, the Congo Crisis, and UN Peacekeeping, 1960-64, 221
Chapter One
1 Natasha L. Henry, Emancipation Day: Celebrating Freedom in Canada, 18
2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada)
3 A Past, Denied: The Invisible History of Slavery in Canada (http://apastdenied.ca/)
4 Robin W. Winks, Blacks in Canada: A History, 6
5 Afua Cooper, The Hanging of Angelique: The Untold Story of Canadian Slavery and the Burning of Old Montreal, 81
6 Harvey Amani Whitfield, Blacks on the Border: The Black Refugees in British North America, 1815-1860, 15
7 Winks, Blacks in Canada, 24
8 Ibid, 35; Daniel Tseghay, A forgotten history of slavery in Canada, Ricochet, Feb 16 2015 (https://ricochet.media/en/331/a-forgotten-history-of-slavery-in-canada)
9 Cooper, The Hanging of Angelique, 103
10 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution#cite_note-10)
11 Dan Conlin, A Private War in the Caribbean: Nova Scotia Privateering, 1793-1805 (www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol06/tnm_6_4_29-46.pdf); Julian Gwyn, Frigates and Foremasts: The North American Squadron in Nova Scotia Waters 1745-1815, 102
12 Ibid
13 Nathan Tidridge, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent: Father of the Canadian Crown, 130
14 Ibid, 136
15 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn)
16 Charles de Salaberry, U.S. National Park Service (http://www.nps.gov/people/charles-de-salaberry.htm)
17 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Drummond)
18 Richard Gott, Britain’s empire: resistance, repression and revolt, 117
19 Dan Conlin, A Private War in the Caribbean: Nova Scotia Privateering, 1793-1805 (www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol06/tnm_6_4_29-46.pdf)
20 Ibid
21 Ibid
22 Henry, Emancipation Day, 41
23 Mark Kurlansky, Cod: Biography Of The Fish That Changed The World, 83
24 Ibid, 80
25 Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery, 59
26 Kurlansky, Cod, 81
27 Harold Adams Innis, The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy, 265
28 Ibid, 200
29 Ibid, 206
30 Ibid, 296
31 James K. Hiller, The 1904 Anglo-French Newfoundland Fisheries Convention: Another Look, Journal of the History of the Atlantic Region, Vol. XXV, No. 1, Autumn 1995
32 Kurlansky, Cod, 102
33 Victor Ross and Arthur St. L. Trigge, A history of the Canadian Bank of Commerce: with an account of the other banks which now form part of its organization, Vol 1, 83
34 Stephen Kimber and Thomas H Raddall, Halifax: Warden of the North, 168
35 Innis, The cod fisheries, 200; Whitfield, Blacks on the Border, 15
36 Kimber and Raddall, Halifax: Warden of the North, 36
37 Winks, The Blacks in Canada, 27; Kenneth Joseph Donovan, Slaves in Ile Royale, 1713-1758, French Colonial History, Vol. 5, 2004
38 John Bartlet Brebner, The neutral Yankees of Nova Scotia: a marginal colony during the revolutionary years, 197
39 Roma Senn, The Haligonians: 100 Fascinating Lives from the Halifax Region - 2005, 92
40 CIBC celebrates 185 years in downtown Halifax today, Canada NewsWire Sept 1 2010 (http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/564351/cibc-celebrates-185-years-in-downtown-halifax-today)
41 Alice Jones, A Privateer’s Fortune, 10
42 Ibid; Collins, Enos (http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/collins_enos_10E.html)
43 Harper Government Commemorates Enos Collins for His Role in the War of 1812, Feb 22 2013 (http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?nid=721999)
44 Dictionary of Canadian Biography (http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/cunard_samuel_9E.html)
45 R. T. Naylor, History of Canadian Business, 223
46 Ross and Trigge, A History of the Canadian Bank of commerce, Vol 1, 94
47 Eric W. Sager, Maritime Capital: The Shipping Industry in Atlantic Canada, 1820-1914, 27
48 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade)
49 Quick guide: The slave trade, BBC, Mar 15 2007 (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6445941.stm)
50 Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, 97
51 R.T. Naylor, Canada in the European Age, 1453-1919, 63
52 Nathan Nunn, The Long-Term Effects of Africa’s Slave Trades, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 123(1)
53 C. M. Kusimba, Archaeology of Slavery, 236
54 Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, 79
55 Williams, Capitalism and Slavery, 82
Chapter Two
1 Adrian Hastings, The church in Africa, 1450 – 1950, 432
2 Norman Penlington, Canada’s entry into the Boer war, 59
3 Winfried Baumgart, Imperialism: The Ideal and the Reality of British and French Colonial Expansion, 1880-1914, 16
4 Christopher Wise, The Desert Shore: Literatures of the Sahel, Vol 3, 8
5 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa)
6 Andrew B Godefroy, Canadian Soldiers in West African Conflicts, 1885–1905, Canadian Military History, Vol 17, Issue 1
7 William Heneker and Andrew B Godefroy, Bush Warfare – The Early Writings of General Sir William C.G. Heneker, KCMG, DSO, XIII
8 Richard Arthur Preston, Canada’s RMC: A history of the Royal Military College, 170
9 R. Guy C. Smith, As You Were!: Ex-cadets Remember, 1876-1918, Vol I, 15
10 Heneker and Godefroy, Bush Warfare, 127
11 Godefroy, Canadian Soldiers in West African Conflicts
12 Roy MacLaren, Canadians on the Nile, 1882–1898: Being the adventures of the voyageurs on the Khartoum Relief Expedition and other exploits, 21
13 Ibid, 16
14 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_el-Kebir)
15 Brien Brothman, Surveying imperialism: the english-canadian press and British imperial conduct in Africa: 1880-1885, 268
16 Canadian Voyagers in the Sudan 1884-1885 (http://www.army-armee.forces.gc.ca/assets/ARMY_Internet/docs/en/canadian-army-journal/volume-14/CAJ_Vol14.2_12_e.pdf)
17 Ibid, 7
18 Carl Benn, Mohawks on the Nile: Natives Among the Canadian Voyageurs in Egypt, 1884-1885, 125
19 Ibid
20 Brothman, Surveying Imperialism, 304
21 Benn, Mohawks on the Nile, 24
22 Peter Pigott, Canada in Sudan: War Without Borders, 75
23 Douglas Anglin, Towards a Canadian Policy on Africa, International Journal, Vol 15, No. 4, Autumn 1960
24 MacLaren, Canadians on the Nile, 91
25 Preston, Canada’s RMC, 100; Pigott, Canada in Sudan, 75
26 Ibid, 61
27 MGen JF Wilson 1852-1911 (http://www.rcamuseum.com/English/Great%20Gunners/wilson.htm)
28 MacLaren, Canadians on the Nile, 60
29 Pigott, Canada in Sudan, 66
30 Awards to Canadians in the Royal Navy before World War I (http://www.rcnvr.com/1800%20-%20CANADIANS%20in%20RN.php)
31 MacLaren, Canadians on the Nile, 115
32 Lord Halliburton, 48
33 Ibid, 219
34 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_the_work_of_Charles_Dickens)
35 Lord Halliburton, 218
36 MacLaren, Canadians on the Nile, 107
37 Ibid, 94
38 Victoria, Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2004 (http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Victoria_%28England%29.aspx)
39 Proceedings of the Royal Military College Club of Canada number 15, 1898, 10
40 Byron Farwell, Queen Victoria’s Little wars, 334
41 MacLaren, Canadians on the Nile, 153
42 Smith, As You Were, 105/261; MacLaren, Canadians on the Nile, 154; Duane Duff and Desmond Morton, The Forces and the Faces, 237; Fergus Nicoll, The Mahdi of Sudan and the death of General Gordon, 6
43 Nicoll, The Mahdi of Sudan and the death of General Gordon, 8
44 David Shonfield, Battle of Omdurman, History Today, Vol 48, Issue 9, Sept 1998 (http://www.historytoday.com/david-shonfield/battle-omdurman)
45 Winston Churchill and Martin Gilbert, Churchill: The Power of Words: His Remarkable Life Recounted Through His writings and speeches, 23
46 Smith, As You Were, 16
47 Proceedings of the Royal military college club of Canada, No 16 1899, 89
48 Smith, As You Were, 178
49 John M. Mwaruvie, “Kenya’s ‘Forgotten’ Engineer and Colonial Proconsul: Sir Percy Girouard and Departmental Railway Construction in Africa, 1896 – 1912,” Canadian Journal of History, Vol 41, No 1, 2006
50 A. H. M. Kirk-Greene “Canada in Africa: Sir Percy Girouard. Neglected Colonial Governor,” African Affairs, Vol 83, 1984 (http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/83/331/207.full.pdf+html)
51 Edward Paice, Lost lion of empire: the life of Cape-to-Cairo Grogan, 147
52 William Robert Ochieng’ and Robert M. Maxon, An Economic History of Kenya, 112
53 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Geoffrey_Twining)
54 Smith, As You Were!, 249
55 William G. Stairs and Roy D. MacLaren, African Exploits: The Diaries of William Stairs, 1887-1892, 32
56 Ibid, 60
57 Proceedings Of the Royal Military College of Canada, 1891, 13
58 Kevin Patience, The Witu Expeditions: 1890 and 1893 (http://home.comcast.net/~kenyaregiment/WituExpeditions.html); Proceedings of the Royal military college of Canada, 1893, 58
59 Witu 1890, A punitive expedition on the East African coast, The Soldier’s Burden (http://www.kaiserscross.com/188001/218001.html)
60 Ibid
61 Lotte Hughes, Moving the Maasai: A Colonial Misadventure, 25-26
62 James Fox, White Mischief: The Murder of Lord Erroll, 12
63 M. P. K. Sorrenson, Origins of European settlement in Kenya, 67
64 John M. MacKenzie, The Empire of nature: hunting, conservation and British imperialism, 153
65 Sorrenson, Origins of European settlement in Kenya, 71/115
66 Paice, Lost lion of Empire, 424
67 Ibid, 164; Anthony Clayton and Donald Cockfield Savage, Government and labour in Kenya, 1895 – 1963, 21
68 (http://www.1879zuluwar.com/t920-ralph-b-leslie-civil-surgeon-doctor)
69 James Douglas Frost, Merchant princes: Halifax’s first family of finance, ships, and steel, 36
70 Daniel Liebowitz, The Last Expedition: Stanley’s Mad Journey through the Congo, 18
71 Ibid, 293
72 Stairs and MacLaren, African Exploits, 21
73 Ian McKay and Jamie Swift, Warrior Nation: Rebranding Canada in an Age of Anxiety, 36; Liebowitz, The Last Expedition, 3/33
74 Conny Steenman-Marcusse and Aritha van Herk, Building Liberty: Canada and World Peace, 1945-2005, 217
75 Stairs and MacLaren, African Exploits, 110
76 Ibid, 114
77 Ibid, 144
78 Liebowitz, The Last Expedition, 160/151
79 William G. Stairs and J. M. Konczacki, Victorian Explorer: the African diaries of Captain William G. Stairs, 1887-1892, 160
80 Liebowitz, The Last Expedition, 274
81 Ibid, 274
82 Stairs and MacLaren, African Exploits, 86
83 Ibid, 100
84 Ibid, 208
85 Liebowitz, The Last Expedition, 312
86 Ibid, 311
87 Tim Jeal, Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa’s Greatest Explorer, 411; Liebowitz, The Last Expedition, 321
88 Stairs and MacLaren, African Exploits, 114
89 Stairs and Konczacki, Victorian Explorer, 27
90 Ibid, 28/211-213
91 Ibid, 39
92 Stairs and MacLaren, African Exploits, 332
93 Stairs and MacLaren, African Exploits, 312
94 Stairs and Konczacki, Victorian Explorer, 193
95 Ibid, 209
96 Stairs and Konczacki, Victorian Explorer, 42
97 Stairs and MacLaren, African Exploits, 399
98 Ibid, 386
99 Ibid, 410
100 Stairs and Konczacki, Victorian Explorer, 241/187
101 Ibid, 199
102 Stairs and MacLaren, African Exploits, 305
103 Preston, Canada’s RMC, 119
104 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grant_Stairs)
105 Stairs and MacLaren, African Exploits, 394
106 Stairs and Konczacki, Victorian Explorer, 278
107 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State#Humanitarian_disaster)
108 Michiko Kakutani King Leopold’s Ghost’: Genocide With Spin Control Sep 1, 1998 (http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/08/30/daily/leopold-book-review.html)
109 Godefroy, Canadian Soldiers in West African Conflicts 1885-1905
110 Stairs and MacLaren, African Exploits, 60
111 C. J. Chivers, The Gun, 85
112 Brandon D Newton, Punishment, Revenge, and Retribution: A Historical Analysis of Punitive Operations, School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas (https://timedotcom.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/a436111.pdf)
113 Arthur Abraham, Mende Government and Politics under Colonial Rule: A Historical Study of Political Change in Sierra Leone 1890-1937, 93
114 Godefroy, Canadian Soldiers in West African Conflicts 1885-1905
115 Smith, As You Were!, 90
116 Godefroy, Canadian Soldiers in West African Conflicts 1885-1905
117 Ibid
118 Preston, Canada’s RMC, 109
119 Proceedings of the Royal military College Club of Canada, 1895, 46
120 Walter Rodney, How Europe underdeveloped Africa, 187
121 The church in Africa, 1450 – 1950, 403
122 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hut_Tax_War_of_1898)
123 Arthur Abraham, Bai Bureh, The British, and the Hut Tax War, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol 7, No 1, 1974
124 Godefroy, Canadian Soldiers in West African Conflicts 1885-1905
125 Heneker and Godefroy, Bush Warfare
126 Rodney, How Europe underdeveloped Africa, 186
127 Heneker and Godefroy, Bush Warfare, 133 - 136
128 Ibid, 133
129 Godefroy, Canadian Soldiers in West African Conflicts 1885-1905
130 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Hayes_Macdonell)
131 Godefroy, Canadian Soldiers in West African Conflicts 1885-1905
132 MacLaren, Canadians on the Nile, 16
133 Ibid
134 Chivers, The Gun, 78; Robert B. Edgerton, The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa’s Gold Coast, 145
135 Edgerton, The Fall of the Asante Empire, 110
136 Ibid, 167
137 A. B. Ellis, A History of the Gold Coast of West Africa, 344
138 Edgerton, The Fall of the Asante Empire, 170
139 Smith, As You Were!, 61
140 Godefroy, Canadian Soldiers in West African Conflicts 1885-1905
141 Smith, As You Were!, 158
142 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Sayre_MacInnes)
143 Jeanne Cannizzo, Into the Heart of Africa, Royal Ontario Museum, Jan 1, 1989
144 Carol Tator, Frances Henry, Winston Mattis, Challenging Racism in the Arts: Case Studies of Controversy and Conflict, 46
145 Heneker and Godefroy, Bush Warfare, 134
146 Gold Coast Diaries: Chronicles of Political Officers in West Africa, 391
147 Edgerton, The Fall of the Asante Empire, 187
148 (http://generations.regionofwaterloo.ca/getperson.php?personID=I91914&tree=generations)
149 Ronald E. Wraith, Guggisberg, 42
150 Godefroy, Canadian Soldiers in West African Conflicts 1885-1905
151 Proceedings of the Royal military College Club of Canada, 1895/96, 43/27
152 Preston, Canada’s RMC, 105; Bush Warfare, 134
153 Preston, Canada’s RMC, 183
154 Toyin Falola and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria, 114; Godefroy, Canadian Soldiers in West African Conflicts 1885-1905
155 Ibid
156 Portrait of Sir Frederick Gordon Guggisberg, circa 1920 (http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0115%2FY30448E;sib0=537)
157 Ibid
158 Falola and Heaton, A History of Nigeria, 107
159 Bruce Vandervort, Wars of Imperial Conquest in Africa, 1830-1914, 193
160 Ibid, 194
161 J.R. Campbell. The Capture of Brohemie, Niger Coast Protectorate, West Africa, Royal Military College Club of Canada Review, 1896, 66
162 Richard Brooks, The long arm of empire: naval brigades from the Crimea to the Boxer Rebellion, 205
163 Obaro Ikime, Merchant Prince of the Niger Delta: The Rise and Fall of Nana Olomu, Last Governor of the Benin River, 105
164 J.R. Campbell. The Capture of Brohemie, Niger Coast Protectorate, West Africa, Royal Military College Club of Canada Review, 1896, 67
165 Ian Hernon, The Savage Empire: Forgotten Wars of the 19th Century, 156
166 Ikime, Merchant prince of the Niger Delta, 78
167 Godefroy, Canadian Soldiers in West African Conflicts 1885-1905; and Canada’s RMC, 119
168 Preston, Canada’s RMC, 119; J.R. Campbell. The Capture of Brohemie, Niger Coast Protectorate, West Africa, Royal Military College Club of Canada Review, 1896, 67
169 Philip Aigbona Igbafe, Benin under British administration: the impact of colonial rule on an African kingdom, 1897-1938, 92
170 Ibid, 103
171 Ibid, 99
172 Correspondence Relating to the Benin Territories Expedition, 1899 No. 1. Commissioner and Consul-General Sir R. Moor to Mr. Chamberlain. (Received June 29, 1899.)
173 Igbafe, Benin under British administration, 73
174 Ibid, 73/92
175 Heneker and Godefroy, Bush Warfare, 131
176 Ibid, 18
177 Godefroy, Canadian Soldiers in West African Conflicts 1885-1905
178 Ibid
179 Aro Confederacy (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Aro_Confederacy)
180 Heneker and Godefroy, Bush Warfare, 135
181 Ibid
182 Godefroy, Canadian Soldiers in West African Conflicts 1885-1905
183 Ibid
184 S. O Onwukwe, Rise and fall of the Arochukwu Empire, 1400-1902: Perspective for the 21st century, 18
185 Ibid, 28
186 Godefroy, Canadian Soldiers in West African Conflicts 1885-1905
187 Heneker and Godefroy, Bush Warfare, 130
188 Godefroy, Canadian Soldiers in West African Conflicts 1885-1905
189 Heneker and Godefroy, Bush Warfare, 104
190 Jim Wallace, No Colours No Drums: Canadians in the South African Constabulary, 61
191 J. B. Atlay, Lord Haliburton: A Memoir of His Public Service, 51
192 (http://www.nam.ac.uk/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/zulu-war-1879)
193 Rory Carroll, Rorke’s Drift battle was war crime scene, Guardian, Apr 29 2003 (http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/29/schools.southafrica)
194 Farwell, Queen Victoria’s Little wars, 224
195 Lawrence James, The savage wars: British campaigns in Africa, 1870-1920, 38
196 Smith, As You Were!, 15
197 Christopher M. Paulin, White Men’s Dreams, Black Men’s Blood: African Labor and British expansionism in southern Africa, 1877-1895, 137
198 Wallace, No Colours No Drums, 2
199 Ibid, 1
200 Carman Miller, Painting the Map Red: Canada and the South African War, 1899-1902, 12
201 Robert J.D. Page, Canada and the Imperial Idea in the Boer War Years, Journal of Canadian Studies, Feb 1970
202 Miller, Painting the Map Red, 111
203 (http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM7A79_Captain_Edmund_Barker_Van_Koughnet_Aston)
204 Smith, As You Were!, 16
205 Empire to Umpire, 23
206 The Boer War and Canadian Imperialism, 15
207 Another Kind of Justice, 31
208 Miller, Painting the Map Red, 263
209 Ibid, 232
210 Ibid, 232
211 Ibid, 448
212 Byron Farwell, The Great War in Africa, 1914-1918, 76
213 James, The savage wars, 69
214 M. Morris, 10 Evil Crimes Of The British Empire, Feb 4 2014 (http://listverse.com/2014/02/04/10-evil-crimes-of-the-british-empire/)
215 Miller, Painting the Map Red, 389
216 John Hatch, The History of Britain in Africa: from the 15th Century to the Present, 215
217 Wallace, No Colours No Drums, forward
218 Ibid, 279
219 Ibid, 273
220 Ibid
221 Ibid
222 O. Mary Hill and Institute of Public Administration of Canada, Canada’s Salesman to the World: The Department of Trade and Commerce, 1892-1939, 63
223 Wallace, No Colours No Drums, 277
224 (Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Sayre_MacInnes)
225 Smith, As You Were!, 333
226 Kevin Grant, A Civilised Savagery: Britain and the New Slaveries in Africa, 1884-1926 , 9; Wallace, No Colours No Drums, 251
227 Ibid, 278
228 Ibid
229 Sydney F. Wise, Canadian airmen and the first world war, 139
230 Ibid, 630
231 Preston, Canada’s RMC, 200
232 Heneker and Godefroy, Bush Warfare, 134; Douglas Dodds, The conquest of the Cameroons, August 1914 to February 1916, Queen’s University 1981; Charles Dobell, The Campaign in the Cameroons, Royal United Services Institution Journal, Vol 67, Issue 468, 1922
233 Priest, Canada’s share in world tasks, 130
234 Lovett Elango, The Anglo-French “Condominium” in Cameroon, 1914-1916: The Myth and the Reality, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 18, No. 4 (1985)
235 Ibid
236 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Macpherson_Dobell)
237 Bernd Horn, The Canadian Way of War: Serving the National Interest, 169
238 Robert Craig Brown and Ramsay Cook, Canada: 1896-1921: A Nation Transformed, 212
239 Brian Douglas Tennyson, Canada and the Commonwealth Caribbean, 222
240 Ibid, 233
241 Peter McFarlane, Northern shadows: Canadians and Central America, 20
242 Walter Stewart, Towers of gold, feet of clay: the Canadian banks, 188
Chapter Threee
1 Shelley Butler, Contested Representations: Revisiting Into the Heart of Africa, 66
2 Jean-Guy Pelletier, Les relations entre le Quebec et I’Afrique 1880-1905, Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol 15, No 1, 1981
3 Colleen Mayo-Pankhurst, The Impact of Membership in the Commonwealth on Canadian Policy Towards Rhodesia, 1964-1966, Carleton University Dissertation, 1991, 51
4 Wolfgang J. Mommsen and Stig Forster, Bismarck, Europe, and Africa: The Berlin Africa Conference 1884-1885 and the Onset of Partition
5 Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, 252
6 Jonathan Derrick, Africa’s Agitators: Militant Anti-colonialism in Africa and the West, 1918-1939, 32
7 Wolfgang J. Mommsen and Stig Forster, Bismarck, Europe, and Africa: The Berlin Africa Conference 1884-1885 and the Onset of Partition
8 Brad Faught, Missionaries, Indirect Rule and the Changing Mandate of Mission in Colonial Northern Nigeria: the Case of Rowland Victor Bingham and the Sudan Interior Mission (http://historicalpapers.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/historicalpapers/article/viewFile/39452/35775)
9 Chanoine Lionel Groulx, Le Canada Francais Missionnaire: Une Autre Grande Aventure, 263
10 Ibid
11 Yusufu Turaki, An introduction to the history of SIM/ECWA in Nigeria, 1893-1993, 42
12 K. V. Ram, Survey of Canadian Protestant Missionary Archives Relating to Africa, History in Africa, Vol 7, 1980
13 Pelletier, Les relations entre le Québec et l’Afrique 1880-1905
14 Groulx, Le Canada Francais Missionnaire, 274
15 Roy MacLaren, Canadians on the Nile, 1882–1898, 59
16 Jean-Guy Pelletier, Les relations entre le Québec et l’Afrique 1880-1905, Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol 15, No 1, 1981
17 Groulx, Le Canada Francais Missionnaire, 289; Francis C. Barr, Archbishop Aston Chichester 1879 – 1962: a memoir, 7
18 Assa Okoth, A History of Africa: African societies and the establishment of colonial rule, 1800-1915, 95
19 Anthony J. Dachs, W. F. Rea, The Catholic Church and Zimbabwe 1879 – 1979, 28
20 J. M. Zvobgo, A History of Christian Missions in Zimbabwe 1890-1939, 5
21 Ian Linden, The Catholic Church and the struggle for Zimbabwe, 13
22 Philip Mason, The Birth of a Dilemma: the Conquest and Settlement of Rhodesia, 219
23 Ibid, 220
24 Ruth M Slade, English-speaking missions in the Congo Independent State, 1878-1908, 116
25 Robert Rotberg, Plymouth Brethren and the Occupation of Katanga, 1886-1907, Journal of African History, Vol 2, 1964
26 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relations#History)
27 Alfred R Stonelake, Congo: past and Present, 63
28 Slade, English-speaking missions in the Congo independent state, 154
29 Ibid, 251
30 Ibid, 243
31 Kevin Grant, A Civilised Savagery: Britain and the New Slaveries in Africa, 1884-1926, 51
32 Ibid, 47
33 Ibid, 49
34 Bryan Mealer, All Things Must Fight to Live: Stories of War and Deliverance in Congo, 165
35 Grant, A civilized savagery, 76
36 Aylward Shorter, Cross and flag in Africa: The White Fathers During the Colonial Scramble, 1892-1914, 19
37 Groulx, Le Canada Francais Missionnaire, 303
38 J. Auclair, Vie de Mgr John Forbes: le premier Père Blanc canadien, 225
39 Ibid, 127
40 Ibid
41 Raynald Pelletier and Jean-Claude Ceillier, Bishop John Forbes (1864-1926): Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of Uganda: the First Canadian White Father
42 Auclair, Vie de Mgr John Forbes, 245
43 Ibid.
44 Ibid, 244
45 Pelletier and Ceillier, Bishop John Forbes; Auclair, Vie de Mgr John Forbes, 245
46 Ibid, 246
47 Pelletier and Ceillier, Bishop John Forbes
48 Bishop Joseph Georges Edouard Michaud, M. Afr. (http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmicha.html)
49 Auclair, Vie de Mgr John Forbes, 221; Shorter, Cross and flag in Africa, 19
50 Canada - Ghana Relations (http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/ghana/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_ghana.aspx?menu_id=7&lang=eng)
51 Shorter, Cross and flag in Africa, 19/44
52 Bishop Oscar Morin, M. Afr.
(http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmorino.html)
53 Ian Linden and Jane Linden, Catholics, Peasants and Chewa Resistance in Nyasaland, 1889-1939, 109; Aylward Shorter, African recruits and missionary conscripts: The White Fathers and the Great War (1914-1922), 12
54 Linden and Linden, Catholics, Peasants and Chewa Resistance in Nyasaland, 109
55 Hector Livingston Duff, African Small Chop, 58
56 Andrew Jarboe, Empires in World War I: Shifting Frontiers and Imperial Dynamics in a Global Conflict, 264
57 Linden and Linden, Catholics, Peasants and Chewa Resistance in Nyasaland, 109
58 Ibid
59 Ibid, 119
60 Ibid, 127
61 Ibid, 125
62 Groulx, Le Canada Francais Missionnaire, 284
63 Ibid
64 Jean Criaud, La geste des spiritains: histoire de l’église au Cameroun, 1916-1990, 112
65 Accession 491: Papers of Thomas Westgate University of Birmingham (http://calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=Catalog&id=XCMSACC%2F491)
66 R. I. Wilfred Westgate, T.B.R. Westgate: A Canadian Missionary on Three Continents, 46
67 Ibid, 44-46
68 Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernan, The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective, 161
69 The University of Western Ontario Honorary Degrees Awarded, 1881 - present (http://www.uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/senate/honorary/honorary_degrees_by_year.pdf)
70 Dan Sheffield and Herbert E. Randall: A Canadian Holiness Missionary in Egypt and his Quest for More of the Holy Spirit, Canadian Journal of Pentecostal-Charismatic Christianity, 2, 2011.
71 Ibid
72 Gloria Grace Kulbeck, What God Hath Wrought: A History of the Pentecostal Assemblies of Canada, 1958, 231-233
73 Michael Wilkinson and Peter Althouse, Winds from the North: Canadian Contributions to the Pentecostal Movement
74 K. V. Ram, Survey of Canadian Protestant Missionary Archives Relating to Africa, History in Africa, Vol. 7, 1980
75 Kemp Pendleton Burpeau, God’s Showman: A Historical Study of John G. Lake and South African/American Pentecostalism, 84
76 Ibid, 99
77 Ibid, 107
78 Peter Mageto, Victim Theology: A Critical Look at the Church’s Response to AIDS, 7
79 Keller, Marion and Otto 1889 to 1953 and 1888 to 1942 Pentecostal Tanzania / Kenya (http://www.dacb.org/stories/tanzania/keller_marion,otto.html)
80 Kulbeck, What God Hath Wrought, 347
81 Ibid, 300
82 James Clare Fuller, We trust God will own his word: A Holiness-Mennonite Mission in Nigeria 1905-1978, McMaster University Thesis, 2003, 157
83 Turaki, An introduction to the history of SIM/ECWA in Nigeria, 202
84 Alexander Woods Banfield, Life Among the Nupe tribe in West Africa, 1905, 8
85 Ibid, 68
86 Thomas Dow, A. W. Banfield: Missionary Pioneer in Nigeria, Reflections, Spring 1994 (http://www.bethelcollege.edu/assets/content/mcarchives/pdfs/v2n1p12_15.pdf)
87 Fuller, We trust God will own his word, 55
88 Clare Fuller, Banfield, Nupe and the UMCA
89 (http://hisgraceassembly.org/about-us/history/)
90 James Hogg Hunter, A Flame of Fire: The Life and Work of R. V. Bingham, 55
91 Janet Benge and Geoff Benge, Rowland Bingham: into Africa’s interior, 87
92 E. Adeleye Ijagbemi, Christian Missionary Activity in Colonial Nigeria: the work of the Sudan Interior Mission among the Yoruba, 1908-1967, 30
93 Ibid, 32
94 Faught, Missionaries, Indirect Rule and the Changing Mandate of Mission in Colonial Northern Nigeria
95 Hunter, A Flame of Fire, 131/159
96 Rowland V. Bingham, Seven Sevens of Years and a Jubilee: The story of the Sudan Interior Mission, 109
97 Douglas C. Percy, Doctor to Africa: The Story of Stirrett of the Sudan, 25
98 Ibid, 20
99 Ibid, 70
100 Ibid, 70
101 Sophie De La Haye, Tread Upon the Lion the Story of Tommie Titcombe, 48
102 Ibid, 64
103 Ijagbemi, Christian Missionary Activity in Colonial Nigeria, 26
104 Hunter, A Flame of Fire, 152
105 Ibid, 116/124
106 Ibid, 204/308
107 Percy, Doctor to Africa, 29
108 Ijagbemi, Christian Missionary Activity in Colonial Nigeria, 81
109 Ibid, 81
110 Ibid, 99
111 John S. Hall, From Cannibalism to Christ: A Story of the Transforming Power of the Gospel in Darkest Africa, 17
112 Yusufu Turaki, Introduction to the history of SIM/ECWA, 74
113 Ibid, 138
114 Barbara M. Cooper, Evangelical Christians in the Muslim Sahel, 18
115 John C Butcher, Canadian missionaries and the Ovimbundu of Angola, 1885 – 1915, Dalhousie University Thesis, 1975, 20; Paul C Byam, New wine in a very old bottle: Canadian Protestant missionaries as facilitators of development in central Angola, 1886-1961, University of Ottawa Thesis, 1997, 66
116 John T. Tucker, Currie of Chissamba (Herald of the Dawn), v
117 Tim Barringer and Tom Flynn, Colonialism and the Object: Empire, Material Culture and the Museum, 153
118 Byam, New wine in a very old bottle, 67
119 Butcher, Canadian missionaries and the Ovimbundu of Angola, 100/167
120 Ibid, 64
121 Ibid, 110
122 Susan Pearce, On Collecting: An Investigation Into Collecting in the European Tradition, 340
123 Terrence L. Craig, The Missionary Lives: A Study in Canadian Missionary Biography and Autobiography, 46
124 Pearce, On collecting, 341
125 Butcher, Canadian missionaries and the Ovimbundu of Angola, 123
126 Byam, New wine in a very old bottle, 14
127 Ibid
128 Butcher, Canadian missionaries and the Ovimbundu of Angola, 87
129 Tucker, Currie of Chissamba, 78
130 Jeremy Ball, The ‘Three Crosses’ of Mission Work: Fifty Years of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) in Angola, 1880-1930, Journal of Religion in Africa, Vol 40, Issue 3, 2010
131 Byam, New wine in a very old bottle, 68
132 Ibid, 4
133 Ibid, 3
134 Ijagbemi, Christian Missionary Activity in Colonial Nigeria, 26
135 Tucker, Currie of Chissamba, 74
136 H. C. Priest, Canada’s share in world tasks, 129
137 Craig, The Missionary Lives, 118
138 Ibid, 53
139 Ibid, 76
140 Ibid, 19
Chapter Four
1 Crawford Young, The African colonial state in comparative perspective, 116
2 A. H. M. Kirk-Greene “Canada in Africa: Sir Percy Girouard. Neglected Colonial Governor,” African Affairs, Vol 83, 1984 (http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/83/331/207.full.pdf+html)
3 Ibid
4 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Girouard)
5 Northern Nigeria: the country which a Canadian will rule,” The Toronto Globe, Mar 2 1907
6 Michael Smith, Sir Percy Girouard: French Canadian proconsul in Africa, 1906-1912, McGill University, 1989, 38
7 Ibid, 54
8 Ibid, 26
9 Sir Percy Girouard, Canada’s Governor of Northern Nigeria, 1907-1909 (http://web.ncf.ca/fm122/percy-girouard/)
10 Ibid
11 Ibid
12 Ibid
13 Ibid
14 Michael Mason, Working on the Railway: Forced Labor in Northern Nigeria, 1907-1912, 57
15 Ibid, 60
16 Ibid, 69
17 Ibid
18 Professional public service, 1960
19 Elspeth Huxley, White Man’s Country: Lord Delamere and the Making of Kenya
20 East African, Kenya: Book Serialisation - Moving the Masaai, July 10 2006 (http://allafrica.com/stories/200607100261.html)
21 Lotte Hughes, Moving the Maasai: A Colonial Misadventure, 40; Robert M. Maxon, Judgment on a Colonial Governor: Sir Percy Girouard in Kenya, Trans-African Journal of History, 1989
22 M. P. K. Sorrenson, Origins of European settlement in Kenya, 118-119
23 Ibid, 186
24 Hughes, Moving the Maasai, 67
25 Ibid, 68
26 Robert M. Maxon, Judgment on a Colonial Governor: Sir Percy Girouard in Kenya, Trans-African Journal of History, 1989
27 Sorrenson, Origins of European Settlement in Kenya, 200
28 (http://www.globalsojourns.com/imagedump/Web_Articles/Articles_E.Africa/The_Maasai.pdf)
29 Hughes, Moving the Maasai, 5
30 Ibid, 50/61
31 Hughes, Moving the Maasai, 41
32 A. H. M. Kirk-Greene “Canada in Africa: Sir Percy Girouard. Neglected Colonial Governor,” African Affairs Vol 83, 1984 (http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/83/331/207.full.pdf+html)
33 Lotte Hughes, Moving the Maasai (http://www.palgrave.com/page/detail/moving-the-maasai-lotte-hughes/?isb=9781403996619)
34 Gordon Hudson Mungeam, British rule in Kenya 1895 – 1912: The Establishment of Administration in the East Africa Protectorate, 218
35 Sorrenson, Origins of European Settlement in Kenya, 249
36 Mungeam, British rule in Kenya, 249
37 A. H. M. Kirk-Greene “Canada in Africa: Sir Percy Girouard. Neglected Colonial Governor,” African Affairs, Vol 83, 1984 (http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/content/83/331/207.full.pdf+html)
38 Ibid
39 (http://www.davidsullivan.ca/oldstandrews/scrapbook/winterport/winterport6.html)
40 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Girouard)
41 Richard Arthur Preston, Canada’s RMC: A history of the Royal Military College, 248
42 Nick Auf Der Maur, Maybe Africa needs another Percy Girouard, Montréal Gazette July 15 1985
43 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Guggisberg)
44 Ronald E. Wraith, Guggisberg, 162
45 Ibid, 105
46 Frederick Gordon Guggisberg and Alexander Gordon Fraser, The Future of the Negro: Some Chapters in the Development of a Race, 63
47 Wraith, Guggisberg, 175
48 Ibid
49 David Kimble, A Political History of Ghana, 1850–1928, 439
50 Christian E Tsey, Gold Coast Railways: the making of a colonial economy, 1879-1929, University of Glasgow thesis 1986, 226
51 Ibid, 222
52 Ibid
53 Ibid
54 Ibid
55 H. B. Goodall, Beloved Imperialist: Sir Gordon Guggisberg governor of the Gold Coast, 62
56 Francis Agbodeka, Sir Gordon Guggisberg’s contribution to the development of the Gold Coast, 1919-27, Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, Vol. 13, No. 1, June 1972
57 Nate Plageman, Colonial Ambition, Common Sense Thinking, and the Making of Takoradi Harbor, Gold Coast, History in Africa, Vol 40, Issue 1, Oct 2013
58 Goodall, Beloved imperialist, 94
59 Christian E Tsey, Gold Coast Railways: the making of a colonial economy, 1879-1929, University of Glasgow thesis 1986, 162
60 Nate Plageman, Colonial Ambition, Common Sense Thinking, and the Making of Takoradi Harbor, Gold Coast, History in Africa, Vol 40, Issue 01, Oct 2013
61 Goodall, Beloved Imperialist, 163
62 Kimble, A political history of Ghana, 395
63 George Padmore, The Gold Coast Revolution: The Struggle of an African People from Slavery to Freedom (http://archive.org/stream/goldcoastrevolut005687mbp/goldcoastrevolut005687mbp_djvu.txt)
64 Wraith, Guggisberg, 290
65 Sir Percy Girouard, Canada’s Governor of Northern Nigeria, 1907-1909 (http://web.ncf.ca/fm122/percy-girouard/)
66 Gillespie, W. H., The Gold Coast police 1844 – 1938, 80
67 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_D._Rhodes)
68 Ibid
69 Duane Duff and Desmond Morton, The Forces & the Faces, 240; Sir Percy Girouard, Canada’s Governor of Northern Nigeria, 1907-1909 (http://web.ncf.ca/fm122/percy-girouard/)
70 Ralph Dolignon Furse, Aucuparius: Recollections of a Recruiting Officer, 103
71 Anthony H. M. Kirk-Greene, Taking Canada into Partnership in ‘The White Man’s Burden’: The British Colonial Service and the Dominion Selection Scheme of 1923, Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1981
72 Walter Bazley, Bunyoro: Tropical Paradox, 1
73 Anthony Kirk-Greene, On Crown Service: A History of HM Colonial and Overseas Civil Services, 1837-1997, 29
74 Anthony Kirk-Greene, Symbol of Authority: The British District Officer in Africa, 9
75 Kirk-Greene, Taking Canada into Partnership in ‘The White Man’s Burden’
76 Ibid
77 Kirk-Greene, On Crown Service, 29
78 Ibid
79 It Was a Great Privilege, 278
80 Vernon-Jackson, Date de décès: 2001-04-09 (http://www.federationgenealogie.qc.ca/avisdeces/avis/pdf?id=72261)
81 Bazley, Bunyoro
82 A. J. Barker, Rape of Ethiopia: 1936, 159
83 Nicholas Tracy, Two-Edged Sword: The Navy as an Instrument of Canadian Foreign Policy, 57; Peyton V. Lyon and Tareq Y. Ismael, Canada and the Third World, 63
84 Leo Friman Kristjanson, Some reactions to Canadian government policy during the Italo Ethiopian crisis, University of Manitoba, 1959, 22
85 Ibid, 47
86 Ibid, 49
87 Ibid, 30
88 Philip Stigger, A Study in Confusion: Canadian Diplomatic Staffing Practices in Africa and the Middle East Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, 1971
89 Jonathan F. Vance, Maple Leaf Empire Canada: Britain, and Two World Wars, 29
90 Brereton Greenhous and W.A.B. Douglas, Out of the Shadows: Canada in the Second World War, 35
91 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_College_of_Canada)
92 Tracy, Two-Edged Sword, 48
93 James A. Wood, Militia Myths: Ideas of the Canadian Citizen Soldier, 1896-1921, 147
94 Bernd Horn, The Canadian Way of War: Serving the National Interest, 169
95 Brian Douglas Tennyson, How Canada Helped Save the British Empire and Became a North American Nation, 8
96 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King)
97 J. L. Granatstein and Desmond Morton, Canada and the Two World Wars, 177
98 The Hamilton Spectator June 7 1943 (http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/operations/northafrican_e.shtml)
99 Douglas G. Anglin, Towards a Canadian Policy on Africa, International Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4, Autumn 1960
100 Harry Boyle’s Tango over Takoradi (http://www.vintagewings.ca/VintageNews/Stories/tabid/116/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/413/Harry-Boyles-Tango-over-Takoradi.aspx)
101 Robin S. Gendron, Towards a Francophone Community: Canada’s Relations with France and French Africa, 1945-1968, 7
102 Ibid, 8
103 Ibid, 11
104 Brien Brothman, Surveying imperialism: the english-canadian press and British imperial conduct in Africa: 1880-1885, 29
105 O. Mary Hill and Institute of Public Administration of Canada, Canada’s Salesman to the World: The Department of Trade and Commerce, 1892-1939, 53
106 Ibid
107 Ibid, 86
108 Ibid, 87
109 Henry Rivington Poussette fonds (http://www.archivescanada.ca/english/search/ItemDisplay.asp?sessionKey=1126738539034_206_191_57_196&l=-1&lvl=1&v=0&coll=1&itm=263078&rt=1&bill=1)
110 Hill and Institute of Public Administration of Canada, Canada’s Salesman to the World, 63
111 Ibid, 166
112 Ibid, 297
113 Goodall, Beloved Imperialist, 64
114 Hill and Institute of Public Administration of Canada, Canada’s Salesman to the World, 297
115 West Africa and its opportunities for Canadian Trade, 7
116 Kevin A Spooner, Canada, the Congo Crisis, and UN Peacekeeping, 1960-64, 15
117 Hill and Institute of Public Administration of Canada, Canada’s Salesman to the World, 310
118 Ibid, 510
119 Ibid
120 Frederic H. Soward and Canadian Institute of International Affairs, Canada in World Affairs, 1959–1961, 218; Rohinton Medhora and Yiagadeesen Samy, Canada Among Nations 2013: Canada-Africa Relations; Looking Back, Looking Ahead, 25 – 28
121 Colleen Mayo-Pankhurst, The impact of membership in the Commonwealth on Canadian policy towards Rhodesia, 1964–1966, Carleton University Dissertation, 1991, 50
122 Douglas G. Anglin, Towards a Canadian Policy on Africa, International Journal, Vol 15, No 4, Autumn 1960
123 Ibid
124 Patrick Mbeko, Le Canada dans les guerres en Afrique centrale: génocides et pillages des ressources minières du Congo par le Rwanda interposé, 66
125 René Brion, De la Mine a Mars: le genèse d’Umicore, 282
126 Mbeko, Le Canada dans les guerres en Afrique centrale, 64
127 Libbie Park and Frank Park, Anatomy of Big Business, 156-158
128 Ibid, 156
129 Ibid, 156-158
130 James L. Darroch, Canadian Banks and Global Competitiveness, 43
131 Ibid, 128/90
132 Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, 162
133 Darroch, Canadian Banks and Global Competitiveness, 260
134 Thomas J Bata, Bata: shoemaker to the world, 81/202/206/212; Shoemaker with a Mission: The Bata Shoe Organization under the Leadership of Thomas J. Bata, 1914 – 2008 (shoemaker_with_a_mission.pdf)
135 Ibid
136 Kenya, Tanganyika, and Uganda: Kampala agreement on redressing trade imbalance: International Legal Materials, American Society of International Law, Vol 3, No 6, Nov 1964
137 Steven Langdon, Canadians too, can act like Economic imperialists, Saturday Night, Jan 1974
138 Ibid
139 Robert O. Matthews, Canada’s Relations with Africa, International Journal, Vol. 30, No. 3, Summer 1975
140 Chris Maina Peter, Foreign Private Investments in Tanzania: A Study of the Legal Framework, 21
141 James H. Mittelman, Underdevelopment and Nationalisation: Banking in Tanzania, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol 16, No 4, Dec 1978
142 Thomas J Bata, Bata: shoemaker to the world, 208
143 Douglas G. Anglin, Towards a Canadian Policy on Africa, International Journal, Vol 15, No 4, Autumn 1960
144 Ibid
145 Gendron, Towards a Francophone Community, 63
146 Davis, H. David. 1962. The economic development of Uganda, 268 (http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/1962/01/1561286/economic-development-uganda); Marios Obwona, Isaac Shinyekwa, Julius Kiiza, and Eria Hisali, The evolution of industry in Uganda, WIDER Working Paper 2014 (file:///C:/Users/n_hausf/Downloads/wp2014-021.pdf); The Uganda Journal – 1957 vol. 21 – 23, 147
147 John Deverell and Latin American Working Group, Falconbridge: portrait of a Canadian mining multinational, 151
148 Ibid
149 Ibid, 177
150 Lake George as a Sink for Contaminants Derived from the Kilembe Copper Mining Area, Western Uganda
151 Mark Curtis, The rise of Idi Amin in Uganda, 1971-72, Feb 13 2007 (https://markcurtis.wordpress.com/2007/02/13/the-rise-of-idi-amin-in-uganda-1971-72/)
152 Ibid
153 “Uganda – Inquiry as to granting of diplomatic recognition to new regime” Hansard, Feb 3, 1971
154 Leo Louis Jacques, African Pearls and Poisons: Idi Amin’s Uganda; Kenya; Zaire’s Pygmies, 6
155 (https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/1973KAMPAL02120_b.html)
156 Ibid
157 Africa Research Bulletin, 1977, 4479
158 Douglas G. Anglin, Towards a Canadian Policy on Africa, International Journal, Vol 15, No 4, Autumn 1960
159 Duncan C. Campbell, Global Mission: The Story of Alcan, Vol 1, 1371; Duncan C. Campbell, Global Mission: The Story of Alcan, Vol 2, 303
160 Campbell, Global Mission, Vol 1, 1373
161 Campbell, Global Mission Vol 2, 366
162 Ibid, 287
163 Ibid, 290
164 Bonnie K. Campbell, Negotiating the Bauxite/Aluminium Sector under Narrowing Constraints, Review of African Political Economy, The Struggle for Resources in Africa, No. 51, July 1991
165 Pierre Legoux and André Marelle, Les Mines et la recherche minière en Afrique occidentale française: Histoire et témoignages, 266
166 Campbell, Global Mission Vol 2, 298; Mamadou Kalifa Diallo, Les relations de la Guinee avec le Canada: de 1960 a 1980, 212
167 Campbell, Global Mission Vol 2, 306
168 Gendron, Towards a Francophone Community, 67
169 Campbell, Global Mission Vol 2, 307
170 Ibid, 312
171 Campbell, Negotiating the Bauxite/Aluminium Sector under Narrowing Constraints
172 Campbell, Global Mission Vol 2, 330
Chapter Five
1 Caroline Elkins, Britain’s Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya
2 Elizabeth Schmidt, Foreign intervention in Africa: from the Cold War to the war on terror, 18; Sébastien Chartrand and John Philpot, Justice belied: The Unbalanced Scales of International Criminal Justice, 20
3 Christopher R. Kilford, The Other Cold War: Canada’s Military Assistance to the Developing World 1945-1975, 49
4 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War#Death_toll)
5 Hansard Dec 8, 1952, 422
6 Hansard Feb 12 1953, 1865
7 Hansard Jan 14 1957, 175
8 Douglas G Anglin, Towards a Canadian Policy on Africa, International Journal, Vol 15, No 4, Autumn 1960
9 Robin S. Gendron, Towards a Francophone Community: Canada’s Relations with France and French Africa, 1945-1968, 66
10 Robert Mills Clark, Canadian issues; essays in honor of Henry F. Angus, 89
11 Douglas G Anglin, Towards a Canadian Policy on Africa, International Journal, Vol 15, No 4, Autumn 1960
12 Asa McKercher, The Centre Cannot Hold: Canada, Colonialism and the ‘Afro-Asian Bloc’ at the United Nations, 1960–62, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Vol 42, Issue 2, 2014
13 Ibid
14 Douglas G Anglin, Towards a Canadian Policy on Africa, International Journal, Vol 15, No 4, Autumn 1960
15 Onwumere, Chukwudi Pettson, At Arm’s Length: Canada’s Relations with Commonwealth West Africa, McMaster University Thesis 1978, 19
16 Robin S Gendron, International Journal, Vol 56, No 1, Winter 2001; Sean Maloney, A Watchful eye: Canada and Soviet Influence Activities in Cold War Africa 1960–1963, Canadian Army Journal, 2010; Nigerian Labour Party, The NATO conspiracy in Africa: a glaring exposure of the military & political designs of the NATO powers against the African continent, 26
17 Douglas G Anglin, Towards a Canadian Policy on Africa, International Journal, Vol 15, No 4, Autumn 1960
18 John Gellner, Canada in NATO, 21
19 Kilford, The Other Cold War, 69
20 Ronald S Ritchie, NATO: the economics of the alliance, 92
21 Bernd Horn, The Canadian way of war: serving the national interest, 241
22 Kilford, The Other Cold War, 70
23 The Rotarian, Apr 1954, 22; Brereton Greenhous and Hugh Alan Halliday, Canada’s Air Force 1914 – 1999, 134
24 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan#Canada)
25 George Monbiot, Deny the British empire’s crimes? No, we ignore them, Apr 23 2012 (http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/apr/23/british-empire-crimes-ignore-atrocities)
26 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau_Mau_Uprising#Deaths)
27 Mau Mau Uprising (http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mau_Mau_Uprising)
28 Mark Curtis, The Mau Mau war in Kenya, 1952-60 (https://markcurtis.wordpress.com/2007/02/12/the-mau-mau-war-in-kenya-1952-60/)
29 Hansard Feb 7 1956, 942
30 James George Eayrs, In defense of Canada: growing up allied, 230
31 Charles Philippe David and Jacques Lévesque, The Future of NATO: Enlargement, Russia, and European Security, 141; The Rotarian, Apr 1954, 22
32 Charles Hornsby, Kenya: A History Since Independence, 45
33 Fabian Klose, Human Rights in the Shadow of Colonial Violence: The Wars of Independence in Kenya and Algeria, 75
34 Randall Wakelam, Cold War Fighters: Canadian Aircraft Procurement, 1945-54, 90
35 Terror Shadows Kenya Beat, Ottawa Citizen, July 27, 1954
36 Mark Kennedy, Mountie in charge of Harper’s personal security detail to be appointed Canada’s ambassador to Jordan, Apr 17 2013 (http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadian-politics/bruno-saccomani-to-be-appointed-canadas-ambassador-to-jordan)
37 Mark Curtis, The Mau Mau war in Kenya, 1952-60 (https://markcurtis.wordpress.com/2007/02/12/the-mau-mau-war-in-kenya-1952-60/)
38 Terror Shadows Kenya Beat, Ottawa Citizen, July 27 1954
39 Bethwell A. Ogot and Toyin Falola, The challenges of history and leadership in Africa: the essays of Bethwell Allan Ogot, 134
40 Caroline Elkins, Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya, 84
41 George Monbiot, Deny the British empire’s crimes? No, we ignore them, Apr 23 2012 (http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/apr/23/british-empire-crimes-ignore-atrocities)
42 Elkins, Imperial Reckoning, 193
43 John Hilliker and Donald Barry, Canada’s Department of External Affairs, Vol 2: Coming of Age, 1946-1968, 101
44 Eric Morse, Jordan appointment another ‘slap to the pinstripes’, Ottawa Citizen, Apr 27 2013
45 Kevin A. Spooner, Canada, the Congo Crisis, and UN Peacekeeping, 1960-64, 18
46 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo#Resistance)
47 Spooner, Canada, the Congo Crisis, and UN Peacekeeping, 20
48 Ian McKay and Jamie Swift, Warrior Nation: Rebranding Canada in an Age of Anxiety, 162
49 Gendron, Towards a Francophone Community, 80
50 J.P.R. Beauregard, UN operations in the Congo 1960 – 1964, Canadian Defense Quarterly, Aug 1989
51 Carole J.L. Collins, The cold war comes to Africa: Cordier and the 1960 Congo crisis, Journal of International Affairs, Vol 47, Issue 1, Summer 1993
52 Douglas G Anglin, Towards a Canadian Policy on Africa, International Journal, Vol 15, No 4, Autumn 1960
53 Nigel Thomas, NATO Armies Today, 12
54 Sean M. Maloney, Canada and UN Peacekeeping: Cold War by Other Means, 1945-1970, 105
55 La Force Aérienne Belge et l’opération Simba (http://www.avionslegendaires.net/dossier/recits/force-aerienne-belge-loperation-simba/)
56 CF-100 Canuck, General (http://www.349sqn.be/index.php/history/aircraft/cf-100)
57 4 Juillet 1959 - Opération Simba (Http://www.sergebonfond.be/index.php/en/appendices/82-1959-4-juillet-cf100-operation-simba)
58 Gendron, Towards a Francophone Community, 23
59 Ibid, 35
60 Ibid, 36
61 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture_during_the_Algerian_War)
62 Gendron, Towards a Francophone Community, 17
63 Hansard Mar 28 1949, 2099
64 Gendron, Towards a Francophone Community, 32
65 Ibid, 53
66 Ibid, 51
67 Ibid, 41
68 Ibid, 57
69 Ibid, 38
70 Shifting priorities: The evolution of Canada’s relations with French Africa, 1945-1968; Gendron, Towards a Francophone Community, 38
71 Gendron, Towards a Francophone community, 67
72 Ibid, 68
73 Kilford, The Other Cold War, 49
74 Gendron, Towards a Francophone community, 72
75 Toronto Committee for the Liberation of Southern Africa, Words & Deeds: Canada, Portugal, and Africa, 77
76 Kilford, The Other Cold War,
77 Toronto Committee for the Liberation of Southern Africa, Words and Deeds, 8
78 Ibid, 12
79 Toronto Committee for the Liberation of Southern Africa, Words & Deeds, 31
80 External Affairs file 20 - 13 - 3 – Portugal - 15
81 External Affairs file 20 - 13 - 3 - Portugal - 19 - RG 25 volume 9318
82 External Affairs file 20 - 13 - 3 – Portugal - 25
83 Toronto Committee for the Liberation of Southern Africa, Words and Deeds, 8
84 Peyton V. Lyon and Tareq Y. Ismael, Canada and the Third World, 75; Toronto Committee for the Liberation of Southern Africa, Words & Deeds, 33
85 Toronto Committee for the Liberation of Southern Africa, Words and Deeds, 28
86 Ibid, 35
87 Ibid, 80
88 Ibid, 79
89 Ibid, 85
90 John Saul, Canada and Mozambique, 75
91 Ibid
92 Toronto Committee for the Liberation of Southern Africa, Words & Deeds, 38
93 Ibid, 59
94 Ibid, 68
95 Kilford, The Other Cold War, 179
96 Toronto Committee for the Liberation of Southern Africa, Words & Deeds, 62
97 Ibid
98 Toronto Committee for the Liberation of Southern Africa, Words & Deeds, 6
99 Robert Wright, Three Nights in Havana: Pierre Trudeau, Fidel Castro, and the Cold War World, 193
100 Piero Gleijeses, Conflicting missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959-1976, 346
101 Ibid
102 Ibid
103 Ibid
104 Wright, Three Nights in Havana, 242
105 Sontwa Sinkala, Canadian Development Assistance to Zambia: With Special Emphasis on the Agricultural Sector, University of Manitoba, 1991, 92
106 Andrew B Godefroy, The Canadian Armed Forces advisory and training team Tanzania 1965 – 1970 Canadian Military History, 11, Summer 2002
107 Kilford, The Other Cold War, 150
108 Land redistribution is not robbery, but a necessity, Guardian, Apr 19 2000 (http://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/apr/19/zimbabwe/print)
109 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence)
110 Colleen Mayo-Pankhurst, The impact of membership in the Commonwealth on Canadian policy towards Rhodesia, Carleton University Dissertation, 1991, 64
111 Ibid, 66
112 Ibid, 65; Africa research bulletin, June 1964
113 Colleen Mayo-Pankhurst, The impact of membership in the Commonwealth on Canadian policy towards Rhodesia, Carleton University Dissertation, 1991, 72
114 Asa McKercher, The Centre Cannot Hold: Canada, Colonialism and the ‘Afro-Asian Bloc’ at the United Nations, 1960–62 The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Vol 42, Issue 2, 2014
115 Ibid
116 Linda Freeman, The Ambiguous Champion: Canada and South Africa in the Trudeau and
Mulroney years, 32
117 The Situation in Southern Rhodesia: Resolutions Adopted by the General Assembly and the Security Council of the United Nations, The American Journal of International Law, Vol 60, No 4, Oct 1966
118 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence)
119 Colleen Mayo-Pankhurst, The impact of membership in the Commonwealth on Canadian policy towards Rhodesia, Carleton University Dissertation, 1991, 73
120 Freeman, Ambiguous Champion, 34
121 Ibid, 33
122 Lyon and Ismael, Canada and the Third World, 114
123 Sinkala, Canadian Development Assistance to Zambia, 103
124 Freeman, Ambiguous Champion, 32
125 Ibid
126 Sinkala, Canadian Development Assistance to Zambia, 219
127 Steve Moore and Debi Wells Moore, Imperialism and the National Question in Canada, 86
128 Freeman, Ambiguous Champion, 34
129 John S. Saul, The State and Revolution in Eastern Africa: Essays, 127
130 Ibid
131 John Deverell and Latin American Working Group, Falconbridge: portrait of a Canadian mining multinational, 154
132 Robert Mills Clark, Canadian issues: essays in honor of Henry F. Angus, 83
133 Ibid, 84
134 Taskforce on The Churches and Corporate Responsibility, Canada and Namibian Uranium, Africa Today, Vol 30, No 1/2, 1983
135 Adam Mohammed Mutawakil, Canada’s Foreign Policy in Southern Africa Under Prime Minister Brian Mulroney 1984-1988, Carleton University Dissertation, 1988, 135
136 Freeman, Ambiguous Champion, 63
137 Deverell and Latin American Working Group, Falconbridge, 159
138 Clarence Redekop, Commerce over Conscience: The Trudeau Government and South Africa: 1968-84, Journal of Canadian Studies, Vol 19, No 4, Winter 1984- 85; Freeman, Ambiguous Champion, 64
139 Linda Freeman, The Effect of the World Crisis on Canada’s Involvement in Africa, Studies in Political Economy 17, summer 1985
140 Clarence Redekop, Commerce over Conscience: The Trudeau Government and South Africa: 1968-84, Journal of Canadian Studies, Vol 19, No 4, Winter 1984- 85
141 Freeman, Ambiguous Champion, 65; Jorge Niosi, Canadian Multinationals, 111
142 Canadian Foreign Policy: Contemporary Issues and Themes, 116
143 Brian Douglas Tennyson, Canadian Relations with South Africa: A Diplomatic History, 181
144 Freeman, Ambiguous Champion, 67
145 Taskforce on The Churches and Corporate Responsibility, Canada and Namibian Uranium, Africa Today, Vol 30, No 1/2, 1983
146 Freeman, Ambiguous Champion, 66
147 The new swanla system, Last Post magazine, Vol 1, 1969, 78
148 Africa research bulletin, Feb 1983, 6729
149 Taskforce on The Churches and Corporate Responsibility, Canada and Namibian Uranium, Africa Today, Vol 30, No 1/2, 1983
150 Freeman, Ambiguous Champion, 84
151 Robert Miller, Aid as Peacemaker: Canadian Development Assistance and Third World Conflict, 44
152 Grant Dawson, Contact Africa: Canadian Foreign Policy, the Contact Group, and Southern Africa, International Journal, 64
153 Chris Tapscott, Land Reform in Namibia: Why Not?, Southern Africa Report SAR, Vol 9, No 3, Jan 1994
154 Namibia: Landless In The Land Of The Brave, New African, Feb 2013
155 Ibid
156 Ibid
157 Ibid
158 Bill Schiller, Canada helped lead international fight against Apartheid, Toronto Star, Dec 6 2013; Adam Daifallah, Canada’s stance against apartheid helped bring freedom to South Africa, National Post, Dec 6 2013
159 South Africa Country/Area: South Africa (http://search.beaconforfreedom.org/about_database/south%20africa.html)
160 http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/southafrica-afriquedusud/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_sa-as.aspx?menu_id=7&lang=eng
161 Clarence Redekop, Commerce over Conscience: The Trudeau Government and South Africa: 1968-84, Journal of Canadian Studies, Vol 19, No 4, Winter 1984- 85
162 Peter Henshaw, Canada and the “South African Disputes” at the United Nations, 1946-1961 Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol 33, No 1, 1999
163 Freeman, Ambiguous Champion, 27
164 Canadian Relations to South Africa, 170
165 Freeman, Ambiguous Champion, 67
166 Ibid, 52
167 Ibid, 97
168 Ibid, 110; Linda Freeman, The Effect of the World Crisis on Canada’s Involvement in Africa, Studies in Political Economy 17, summer 1985
169 Ibid
170 Freeman, Ambiguous Champion, 88
171 Robert O Mathews and Cranford Pratt, Human Rights in Canadian Foreign Policy, 175
172 Freeman, Ambiguous Champion, 89
173 Ibid, 122
174 Ibid, 117
175 Ibid, 119
176 Dick Fidler, Canada: Accomplice in apartheid: Canadian government and corporate involvement in southern Africa, 8
177 Freeman, Ambiguous Champion, 104
178 Linda Freeman, The Effect of the World Crisis on Canada’s Involvement in Africa, Studies in Political Economy 17, summer 1985
179 Freeman, Ambiguous Champion, 41
180 Roger Young, Canadian development assistance to Tanzania: an independent study, 41
181 Freeman, Ambiguous Champion, 194
182 Ibid
183 Ibid
184 Ibid, 261
185 Ibid, 265
186 David J. Hornsbya & Oscar van Heerdenan, South Africa–Canada relations: a case of middle power (non)cooperation?, Canada Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, Vol 51, Issue 2, 2013
187 Freeman, Ambiguous Champion, 125
188 Heribert Adam and Kogila Moodley, Democratizing Southern Africa: Challenges for Canadian Policy, 34
189 Freeman, Ambiguous Champion, 202
190 Ibid
191 David R. Black and Clement E. Adibe, The Clinton Administration and Africa: A View from Ottawa, A Journal of Opinion, Vol 26, No 2, 1998
192 Freeman, Ambiguous Champion, 186
193 Robert Miller, Aid as Peacemaker: Canadian Development Assistance and Third World Conflict, 127
194 Cranford Pratt, Canadian International Development Assistance Policies: An Appraisal, 101
Chapter Six
1 Robin S. Gendron, Towards a Francophone Community: Canada’s Relations with France and French Africa, 1945-1968, 66
2 Robert Carty and Virginia Smith, Perpetuating Poverty: the political economy of Canadian foreign aid, 56
3 Ehidiame-John Inegbedion, Motivations and Canadian foreign aid policy to Africa, University of Alberta Thesis, 1986, 118-119
4 Carty and Smith, Perpetuating Poverty, 57
5 David Webster, Fire and Full Moon: Canada and Indonesia in a Decolonizing World, 52
6 Robert O. Matthews, Africa in Canadian Affairs, International Journal, Vol 26, Winter 1970-71
7 Robert O. Matthews, Canada’s Relations with Africa, International Journal, Vol 30, Summer 1975
8 Sean M. Maloney, Who Has Seen The Wind? An Historical Overview of Canadian Special Operations, Canadian Military Journal, 2003 (http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo5/no3/special-03-eng.asp)
9 Carty and Smith, Perpetuating Poverty, 57
10 Africa research bulletin, Apr 1969, 1394
11 Fred Gaffen, In the Eye of the Storm: a history of Canadian peacekeeping, 243
12 Chester A. Crocker External Military Assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa, Africa Today, Vol. 15, No. 2, Apr 1968; Chris Madsen, Another Kind of Justice: Canadian Military Law from Confederation to Somalia, 119
13 Andrew B Godefroy, The Canadian Armed Forces advisory and training team Tanzania 1965 – 1970, Canadian Military History, 11, Summer 2002
14 Christopher Richard Kilford, The Other Cold War: Canadian Military Assistance in the Developing World, Queen’s University thesis, 2009, 120
15 Ibid
16 Andrew B Godefroy, The Canadian Armed Forces advisory and training team Tanzania 1965 – 1970, Canadian Military History, 11, Summer 2002
17 Kilford, The Other Cold War, 287
18 Ibid, 251
19 Grant Dawson, Player, Partner and Friend: Canada’s Africa policy since 1945, International Politics, 50, May 2013
20 Andrew B Godefroy, The Canadian Armed Forces advisory and training team Tanzania 1965 – 1970, Canadian Military History, 11, Summer 2002
21 Robin S. Gendron, Educational Aid for French Africa: And the Canada-Quebec Dispute over Foreign Policy in the 1960s, International Journal Vol 56, No 1, Winter 2000/2001
22 David R. Morrison, Aid and Ebb Tide: A History of CIDA and Canadian Development Assistance, 78
23 Africa research bulletin Sept 1965; Africa research bulletin Mar 1970; Michel Houndjahoué, A propos de la cooperation dominante et marginale: la France et le Canada en Afrique francophone, Revue canadienne d’études Vol 4, no 1, 1983
24 Réal P. Lavergne and Edward Philip English, Canadian Development Assistance to Senegal: An Independent Study, 49
25 Yukio Tsuda, The Hegemony of English and Strategies for Linguistic Pluralism: Proposing the Ecology of Language Paradigm (http://miresperanto.com/en/english_as_intern/hegemony_of_english.htm)
26 Patrick Manning, Francophone sub-Saharan Africa: 1880 – 1995, 189
27 Morrison, Aid and Ebb Tide, 67
28 Suzane Lelande, SNC: Engineering Beyond Frontiers, 152
29 Robin S. Gendron, Educational Aid for French Africa and the Canada-Quebec Dispute over Foreign Policy in the 1960s, International Journal, Vol 56
30 Michel Houndjahouea and Paul-Normand Dussault, La coopération bilatérale entre le Canada et les pays francophones de l’Afrique de l’Ouest: une évaluation de l’offre entre 1961 et 1975, Canadian Journal of African Studies Vol 15, 1981
31 Manning, Francophone sub-Saharan Africa, 187
32 Kilford, The Other Cold War, 152
Chapter Seven
1 Karen Dubinsky, New World Coming: The Sixties and the Shaping of Global Consciousness, 230
2 Ibid
3 (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice Lumumba)
4 Robin S. Gendron, Towards a Francophone community: Canada’s Relations with France and French Africa 1945-1968, 80
5 Sean M. Maloney, Canada and UN Peacekeeping: Cold War by Other Means, 1945-1970, 109
6 Jacana Media, Who killed Hammarskjold, 33
7 Ludo de Witte, Ann Wright, The Assassination of Lumumba, 15
8 Kevin A. Spooner, Canada, the Congo Crisis, and UN Peacekeeping: 1960-64, 73
9 Ibid
10 Alastair MacDonald Taylor, David Cox, J. L. Granatstein, Peacekeeping: international challenge and Canadian response, 158
11 Daniel Galvin, A role for Canada in an African crisis: perceptions of the Congo crisis and motivations for Canadian participation, University of Guelph Dissertation, 2004, 91
12 Ibid, 88
13 Thomas F. Keating, Canada and World Order: The Multilateralist Tradition in Canadian Foreign Policy, 98
14 Spooner, Canada, the Congo Crisis, and UN Peacekeeping, 75
15 J P R Beauregard, UN operations in the Congo 1960 – 1964, Canadian Defense Quarterly, Aug 1989
16 David Bercuson and J. L. Granatstein, War and Peacekeeping: From South Africa to the Gulf - Canada’s Limited Wars, 219
17 Gaffen, In the eye of the storm, 227; Maloney, Canada and UN Peacekeeping, 122
18 Daniel Galvin, A role for Canada in an African crisis: perceptions of the Congo crisis and motivations for Canadian participation, University of Guelph Dissertation, 2004, 86
19 Spooner, Canada, the Congo Crisis, and UN Peacekeeping, 88
20 Daniel Galvin, A role for Canada in an African crisis: perceptions of the Congo crisis and motivations for Canadian participation, University of Guelph Dissertation, 2004, 43
21 Spooner, Canada, the Congo Crisis, and UN Peacekeeping, 87-88
22 Alastair MacDonald Taylor, David Cox, J. L. Granatstein, Peacekeeping: international challenge and Canadian response, 161
23 Spooner, Canada, the Congo Crisis, and UN Peacekeeping, 59
24 Ibid, 76
25 Ibid
26 Alastair MacDonald Taylor, David Cox, J. L. Granatstein, Peacekeeping: international challenge and Canadian response, 161
27 Kevin Spooner, Just West of Neutral: Canadian Objectivity and Peacekeeping during the Congo Crisis, 1960-61, Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol 43, Issue 2, 2009
28 Issaka K. Souare, Africa in the United Nations System: 1945-2005, 97
29 Ibid
30 Frank R. Villafana, Cold War in the Congo: The Confrontation of Cuban Military Forces, 1960-1967, 25
31 William Blum, Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II, 158
32 William J. Durch, The Evolution of UN peacekeeping: case studies and comparative analysis, 321
33 Lori Lyn Bogle, The Cold War: Hot wars of the Cold War, 176
34 Lise Namikas, Battleground Africa: Cold War in the Congo, 1960–1965, 89
35 Ludo de Witte and Ann Wright, The Assassination of Lumumba, 17
36 Daniel Galvin, A role for Canada in an African crisis: perceptions of the Congo crisis and motivations for Canadian participation, University of Guelph Dissertation, 2004, 83
37 Peter J. Schraeder, United States Foreign Policy toward Africa: Incrementalism, Crisis and Change, 55
38 Spooner, Canada, the Congo Crisis, and UN Peacekeeping, 71; Namikas, Battleground Africa, 88
39 Spooner, Canada, the Congo Crisis, and UN Peacekeeping, 130
40 Ibid, 89
41 Ibid, 109
42 Ibid, 116
43 Ibid
44 Blum, Killing Hope, 160
45 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Gizenga)
46 Blum, Killing Hope, 159
47 David C. Reece, Special Trust and Confidence: Envoy Essays in Canadian Diplomacy, 111
48 Fred Gaffen, In the eye of the storm: a history of Canadian peacekeeping, 227
49 Ludo de Witte and Ann Wright, The Assassination of Lumumba, 149
50 Paul Lee, Documents Expose U.S. Role in Nkrumah Overthrow, Seeingblack.com, 2001 (http://www.seeingblack.com/x060702/nkrumah.shtml)
51 John P. Schlegel, The Deceptive Ash: Bilingualism and Canadian Policy in Africa: 1957-1971, 64
52 Hansard, Mar 17 1966, 2808
53 Christopher R. Kilford, The Other Cold War: Canada’s Military Assistance to the Developing World 1945-1975, 154
54 Canadian Institute for International Affairs Vol V, No 3
55 Howell, Ghana and Nkrumah, 129/143
56 Howell, Ghana and Nkrumah, 149
57 Schlegel, The Deceptive Ash, 64
58 Kilford, The Other Cold War, 155
59 Howell, Ghana and Nkrumah, 175
60 Schlegel, The Deceptive Ash, 63
61 Gary Hunt, Recollections of the Canadian Armed Forces Training Team in Ghana, 1961- 1968, Canadian Defence Quarterly 18, spring 1989
62 Kilford, The Other Cold War, 155
63 Ibid, 142
64 Ibid, 143
65 Ibid, 160
66 Schlegel, The Deceptive Ash, 63
67 Kilford, The Other Cold War, 149
68 Ibid
69 Ibid, 151
Chapter Eight
1 Joan Baxter, Dust from our eyes: An unblinkered look at Africa, 146
2 Carolyn Mary Bassett, The Use of Canadian Aid to Support Structural Adjustment in Africa, Carleton University Dissertation, 1991, 68
3 Ibid, 55
4 Noam Chomsky, Jubilee 2000, Znet, May 15 1998 (http://www.chomsky.info/articles/19980515.htm)
5 Tim Murithi, Handbook of Africa’s International Relations, 254
6 Patrick McGroarty, Africa Loses $60 Billion a Year Illegally, Report Says, Wall Street Journal Feb 1 2015
7 Population living with less than Five Dollars a day - By Country (https://www.quandl.com/collections/society/population-living-with-less-than-five-dollars-a-day-worldbank-by-country)
8 Nigeria’s Ventures magazine lists 55 billionaires, BBC, Oct 7 2013 (http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24433996)
9 James K. Boyce and Léonce Ndikumana, Elites Loot Africa While Foreign Debt Mounts: International banking laws help African elites borrow big, then shift funds to personal accounts, YaleGlobal, 27 Feb 2012 (http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/elites-loot-africa-while-foreign-debt-mounts)
10 Emma Glanfield, Wealthy Africans spending almost £4million on London property every week as they snap up some of the most exclusive investments in the capital, Daily Mail Oct 27 2014 (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2808556/Wealthy-Africans-spending-4million-London-property-WEEK-snap-exclusive-investments-capital.html)
11 David R. Black and Clement E. Adibe, The Clinton Administration and Africa: A View from Ottawa, A Journal of Opinion, Vol 26, No 2, 1998
12 David R. Black, Canada and Africa in the New Millennium: The Politics of Consistent Inconsistency, 109
13 Roy Culpeper, First to forgive, Policy Options, Sept 1987
14 Simard Hughes, Une étude des politiques canadiennes en matière d’aide au développement à l’égard des pays francophones d’Afrique de l’Ouest dans les années 1980, Université Laval, 1998, 58
15 Carolyn Mary Bassett, The Use of Canadian Aid to Support Structural Adjustment in Africa, Carleton University Dissertation, 1991, 63
16 Ibid, 44
17 Ibid, 68 Pierre Beaudet, Qui aide qui?, 123
18 Cranford Pratt, Canadian International Development Assistance Policies: An Appraisal, 219
19 Robert Matthews and Cranford Pratt, Human rights in Canadian foreign policy, 182
20 David R. Morrison, Aid and Ebb Tide: A History of CIDA and Canadian Development Assistance, 260
21 Frances Stewart, Adjustment and poverty: options and choices, 131
22 Eboe Hutchful, Ghana’s Adjustment Experience: The Paradox of Reform, 125
23 Ibid, 91
24 Ian Gary, Confrontation, Co-operation or Co-optation: NGOs and the Ghanaian State During Structural Adjustment, Review of African Political Economy vol 23, no 68, June 1996
25 A.S.Z. Kiondo, The Politics of Economic Reforms in Tanzania, 1977-1988, University of Toronto dissertation, 1989
26 Carolyn Mary Bassett, The Use of Canadian Aid to Support Structural Adjustment in Africa, Carleton University Dissertation, 1991, 129
27 David Reece, A Rich Broth: memoirs of a Canadian diplomat, 185
28 Carolyn Mary Bassett, The Use of Canadian Aid to Support Structural Adjustment in Africa, Carleton University Dissertation, 1991, 132
29 Jamie Swift and Brian Tomlinson, Conflicts of Interest: Canada and the Third World, 15
30 Carolyn Mary Bassett, The Use of Canadian Aid to Support Structural Adjustment in Africa, Carleton University Dissertation, 1991, 131
31 Reece, A Rich Broth, 186
32 Africa Events Dar es Salaam Limited, 1990 - Vol 6 - 39
33 Swift and Brian Tomlinson, Conflicts of Interest, 14
34 Patrick Bond and George Dor, Neoliberalism and Poverty Reduction Strategies in Africa. Discussion paper at the Regional Network for Equity in Health in Southern Africa, 2003
35 Ibid
36 Edward Akuffo, Canadian foreign-policy in Africa: Regional Approaches to Peace, Security, and Development, 66
37 Canadian Economic Relations with sub-Saharan Africa, Recent Trends (http://www.ccic.ca/resources/archives_acf_2002_05_can_econ_relations_africa_e.php)
38 Budget 2005 Delivers on Canada’s Commitment to Africa (http://www.fin.gc.ca/n05/05-015-eng.asp)
39 Canada: Support to NEPAD (period 2001- 2003) (http://www.un.org/esa/africa/support/Canada.htm)
40 Addis Tribune 12 April 2002 Canada Set Aside $500 million in Support of the G8 Africa Action Plan
41 Akuffo, Canadian foreign-policy in Africa, 97
42 Canada Investment Fund For Africa (http://www.cifafund.ca/en/)
43 Canadian International Development Agency, Canada Fund for Africa: Delivering Results, 13; Bruno Charbonneau and Wayne Cox, Locating Global Order: American Power and Canadian Security after 9/11, 245
44 The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) 2001 (https://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/nepad.html)
45 Ibid
46 Patrick Bond, Looting Africa: The Economics of Exploitation, 127
47 Trevor Ngwane, African NGOs critique of NEPAD: Should African social movements be part of the “New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), African Social Forum’s African Seminar at the World Social Forum, Porto Alegre, Brazil, Feb 2 2002 (http://www.halifaxinitiative.org/content/african-ngos-critique-nepad)
48 AID-FOR-TRADE CASE STORY: CANADA (http://www.oecd.org/aidfortrade/46827452.pdf);
New Canadian Initiatives in Africa: Backgrounder (http://ahibo.com/G8/en/caninitaf.htm)
49 The African Trade Policy Centre (ATPC) (http://www.aidfortrade.ecowas.int/programmes/the-african-trade-policy-centreatpc)
50 Akuffo, Canadian foreign-policy in Africa, 99
51 Ibid
52 Africa Trade Fund: Strategic Business Plan 2012-2015 - Enhancing Trade Capacity in Africa http://www.trademarksa.org/publications/africa-trade-fund-strategic-business-plan-2012-2015-enhancing-trade-capacity-africa
53 ADB Trade Facilitation Instruments - World Trade Organization
54 In Davos, WTO Ministers Set Stage for Debate on Post-Bali Agenda, Southern and Eastern African Trade, Information and Negotiations Institute, Feb 5 2014 (http://www.seatiniuganda.org/davos-wto-ministers-set-stage-debate-post-bali-agenda/)
55 Tariffs and Non-Tariff Measures (http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/topics-domaines/goods-produits/nama.aspx?lang=eng)
56 Rick Rowden, The Myth of Africa’s Rise, Foreign Policy, Jan 4 2013 (http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/01/04/the-myth-of-africas-rise/)
57 Harper Government supports regional economic development in Africa, Apr 30 2013 (http://www.international.gc.ca/media/dev/news-communiques/2013/04/30a.aspx?lang=eng)
58 NEPAD Infrastructure Project Preparation Facility, Nov 7 2007 (http://www.docstoc.com/docs/33510962/NEPAD-WATER-SECTOR-PROGRAMMING---PowerPoint)
59 PPIAF Brochure (www.ppiaf.org/.../PPIAF%20Brochure%202011.12.06%20(English) pdf)
60 Profiting from Poverty: Privatisation consultants, DFID and public services (http://www.waterjustice.org/uploads/attachments/pdf67.pdf)
61 Harper Government Concludes Investment Agreement with Albania, Nov 27 2013 (http://www.international.gc.ca/media/comm/news-communiques/2013/11/27b.aspx?lang=eng)
62 Yash Tandon, Rethinking the Role of Global Investment in Africa’s Development, Business Times July 11 2014 (http://www.businesstimes.co.tz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3630:rethinking-the-role-of-global-investment-in-africas-development&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=57)
63 Agreement Between the Government of Canada and the Government of the Republic of Benin for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments (http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/fipa-apie/benin-text.aspx?lang=eng)
Chapter Nine
1 Joan Baxter, Dust from Our Eyes: An Unblinkered Look at Africa, 143
2 Edward Akuffo, Canadian Foreign Policy in Africa: Regional Approaches to Peace, Security and development, 210
3 Travis Lupick, How Canada Dominates African Mining Africa, Think Africa Press, Apr 18 2013
(http://allafrica.com/stories/201304181336.html)
4 Denis Tougas, Canada in Africa: The mining superpower, Issue 407, Nov 20 2008
(http://www.pambazuka.net/en/category/features/52095)
5 The role of mining in national economies: Mining’s contribution to sustainable development, International Council on Mining and Metals, Oct 2012 (www.icmm.com/document/4440)
6 Gavin du Venage, Africa sets its sights beyond commodities, The National, Mar 15 2015 (http://www.thenational.ae/business/economy/africa-sets-its-sights-beyond-commodities)
7 African countries advised to boycott European trade partner, CEO Magazine, Nov 2014
8 Address by Minister Paradis: The World Bank Event on the Africa Mining Vision and the African Minerals Development Centre, Feb 3 2014 (http://www.international.gc.ca/media/dev/speeches-discours/2014/02/03b.aspx?lang=eng)
9 Thomas Michael Power, Digging to Development? A Historical Look at Mining and Economic Development, Oxfam America, Sept 2002
10 Ibid
11 Ibid
12 Minerals and Africa’s Development: the International Study Group Report on Africa’s Mineral Regimes United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, 2011 (http://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/mineral_africa_development_report_eng.pdf)
13 Dan Haglund, Blessing or curse? The rise of mineral dependence among low- and middle-income countries, Oxford Policy Management, Dec 2011 (http://www.eisourcebook.org/submissions/1325523556OPMBlessingorcursereport2011.pdf)
14 Scott Pegg, Poverty Reduction or Poverty Exacerbation?: World Bank Group Support for Extractive Industries in Africa (http://www.oxfamamerica.org/static/oa3/files/poverty-reduction-or-poverty-exacerbation.pdf)
15 Ray Bush, Poverty and neoliberalism: persistence and reproduction in the global south, 131
16 Letter to WB President on Ghana Re: Mining permits, July 7 2003 (http://www.halifaxinitiative.org/fr/node/564)
17 The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD): A Commentary, Africa-Canada Forum Canadian Council for International Co-operation Apr 2002 (http://www.ccic.ca/_files/en/archives/003_acf_new_initiatives_for_africa_a_canadian_response_to_nepad.pdf)
18 Scott Pegg, Poverty Reduction or Poverty Exacerbation?: World Bank Group Support for Extractive Industries in Africa (http://www.oxfamamerica.org/static/oa3/files/poverty-reduction-or-poverty-exacerbation.pdf)
19 Bruno Charbonneau and Wayne Cox, Locating Global Order: American Power and Canadian Security after 9/11, 242
20 Gwendolyn Schulman and Roberto Nieto, Foreign Aid to Mining Firms Dec 19 2011 (http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/4300)
21 Alain Deneault, William Sacher, Patrick Ducharme, Imperial Canada Inc.: Legal Haven of Choice for the World’s Mining Industries, 39; Alain Deneault, Mathieu Denis, William Sacher, Paradis sous terre: comment le Canada est devenu la plaque tournante de l’industrie minière mondiale, 127
22 Paula Joan Butler, Violence as Civility: Race, Mining and Canadian Neocolonizers in African States University of Toronto, 2006
23 Samia Kazi Aoul and Bonnie Campbell, Towards a Spiral of Violence? The Dangers of Privatising Risk Management of Investments in Africa: Mining Activities and the Use of Private Security Companies, 2000 (http://www.ieim.uqam.ca/IMG/pdf/spiral_en.pdf)
24 Delphine Abadie, Canada and the geopolitics of mining interests: a case study of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Review of African Political Economy Vol 38, Issue 128, 2011; Africa research bulletin, economic financial and technical series, July 15, 1975, 3600; Africa research bulletin June 15, 1965, 328; Africa research bulletin, Mar 15, 276
25 Baxter, Dust from Our Eyes, 270
26 Vocational training to support Senegal’s economic growth, Oct 11 2012 (http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2012/10/11/vocational-training-support-senegals-economic-growth)
27 Ethiopia: Canada is ready to support technologies of mining sector development, Sept 22 2014 (Http://www.geeskaafrika.com/ethiopia-canada-is-ready-to-support-technologies-of-mining-sector-development/5684/#sthash.SvfP2H1N.dpuf)
28 Mackenzie Scrimshaw, Feds to award $12M contract to consultant for mining education project, Ipolitics May 7 2015 (http://ipolitics.ca/2015/05/07/feds-to-award-12m-contract-to-consultant-for-mining-education-project/)
29 Extractive Industries, Oct 14 2012 (http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2012/10/14/extractive-industries)
30 Nnimmo Bassey, To Cook a Continent: Destructive Extraction and the Climate Crisis in Africa, 35
31 The World Bank Group in the Extractives Industries 2013: annual review
(http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/0a42ce004260bfa3a848ac0dc33b630b/WBG+EI+Annual+Report+2013_Final.pdf?MOD=AJPERES)
32 Donald Gutstein, Follow the Money, Part 3: Big Oil and Calgary’s School of Public Policy Apr 8 2014
(http://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/donald-gutstein/2014/04/follow-money-part-3-big-oil-and-calgarys-school-public-policy)
33 New Canadian Initiatives in Africa, Feb 3 2014 (http://www.international.gc.ca/media/dev/news-communiques/2014/02/bg3a.aspx?lang=eng)
34 Ibid
35 African Minerals Development Centre, a new project to improve sustainability on the continent (http://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/african-minerals-development-centre-new-project-improve-sustainability-continent)
36 Africa-Canada Forum, The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD): A Commentary (Part I of II), Canadian Council for International Co-operation (http://www.africafiles.org/printableversion.asp?id=926)
37 Abdulai Darimani, Impacts of Activities of Canadian Mining Companies in Africa, Third World Network - Africa Secretariat, Oct 31 2005 (http://www.miningwatch.ca/sites/www.miningwatch.ca/files/Africa_case_study_0.pdf)
38 Inside U.S. Trade 02/07/2014
39 Vale supports African Mineral Development Centre launch in Mozambique, Jan 16 2014 (http://www.vale.com/canada/EN/aboutvale/news/Pages/vale-apoia-lancamento-do-centro-de-desenvolvimento-mineral-em-mocambique.aspx)
40 Africa: Canadian Institute Signals Intent to Support the Africa Mining Development Centre, Feb 2014 (http://cirdi.ca/africa-canadian-institute-signals-intent-to-support-the-africa-mining/)
41 (http://stoptheinstitute.ca/)
42 Kim Mackrael, Huge opportunities’ for Canadian mining industry to work in developing countries, The Globe and Mail June 19, 2013
43 Brief: The Canadian International Institute for Extractive Industries and Development (CIIEID) MiningWatch Canada, Mar 2014 (www.miningwatch.ca/files/ciieid_overview_march2014_.pdf)
44 Geoffrey York, In West Africa, a Canadian mining company pioneers ‘the new humanitarianism’, The Globe and Mail, Mar 20 2012
45 Daniel Leblanc, CIDA funds seen to be subsidizing mining firms, The Globe and Mail Jan 29 2012
46 Frederick Bird, Project CARE: Placer Dome’s Efforts to Help Laid-off South African Miners Find Remunerative Work, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol 89, Issue 2, Nov 2009
47 Kim Mackrael, Commercial motives driving Canada’s foreign aid, documents reveal, The Globe and Mail, Jan 8 2014
48 Ibid
49 Grant Dawson, Player, partner and friend: Canada’s Africa policy since 1945, International Politics, Mar 2013
50 Samia Kazi Aoul and Bonnie Campbell, Towards a Spiral of Violence? The Dangers of Privatising Risk Management of Investments in Africa: Mining Activities and the Use of Private Security Companies, 2000 (http://www.ieim.uqam.ca/IMG/pdf/spiral_en.pdf); Deneault, Sacher, Ducharme, Imperial Canada Inc, 42
51 Export Development Canada Supporting Business in Africa May 2013 (http://www.mineafrica.com/documents/8%20-%20EDC1.pdf)
52 Minister Fast Attends Opening of CIM Office in Burkina Faso, June 19 2014 (http://www.international.gc.ca/media/comm/photos/2014/06/19b.aspx?lang=eng)
53 L’Institut canadien des mines, de la métallurgie et du pétrole (ICM) à une table ronde privée avec le Premier Ministre du Canada à Dakar, Oct 12 2012 (http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1051479/l-institut-canadien-des-mines-de-la-metallurgie-et-du-petrole-icm-a-une-table-ronde-privee-avec-le-premier-ministre-du-canada-a-dakar)
54 Abdulai Darimani, Impacts of Activities of Canadian Mining Companies in Africa, Third World Network - Africa Secretariat Oct 31 2005 (http://www.miningwatch.ca/sites/www.miningwatch.ca/files/Africa_case_study_0.pdf)
55 Paula Butler and Third World Network -Africa Secretariat, Africa’s Blessing, Africa’s Curse: The Legacy of Resource Extraction, Canadian Ecumenical Justice Initiatives
56 Relax Mining Laws, Urges Canadian Envoy, East Africa Standard Mar 27, 2002 (http://allafrica.com/stories/200203270418.html)
57 Mike Blanchfield, Mali turmoil bad for Canadian mining ambitions in West Africa: analysts, The Canadian Press Feb 8 2013 (http://www.canadianbusiness.com/business-news/mali-turmoil-bad-for-canadian-mining-ambitions-in-west-africa-analysts/)
58 Geoffrey York, In Africa, Canada’s ‘economic diplomacy’ is nothing new, The Globe and Mail, Nov 27 2013
59 Baird Furthers Canada’s Interests and Values in Kenya, May 14, 2013 (http://www.international.gc.ca/media/aff/news-communiques/2013/05/14a.aspx?lang=eng)
60 Mike Blanchfield, Mali turmoil bad for Canadian mining ambitions in West Africa: analysts, The Canadian Press Feb 8 2013 (http://www.canadianbusiness.com/business-news/mali-turmoil-bad-for-canadian-mining-ambitions-in-west-africa-analysts/)
61 Correy Baldwin, In the driver’s seat: CIM leads Canadian mining industry development in West Africa, Dec 2012 (https://magazine.cim.org/en/Dec-2012-Jan-2013/CIM-community/In-the-drivers-seat.aspx)
62 Mike Blanchfield, Canada to invest $105M in health care for African children, CanWest News Service, Nov 26 2007 (http://www.nationalpost.com/news/world/story.html?id=124607)
63 Carl Meyer, Opposition MPs who skipped C-300 vote were targeted by industry lobby, Embassy, Nov 3 2010 (http://www.embassynews.ca/news/2010/11/03/opposition-mps-who-skipped-c-300-vote-were-targeted-by-industry-lobby/39577)
64 Barrie McKenna, Trade Pacts to Spur Mining Investment, Globe and Mail, Mar 3 2014
65 Agreement Between the Government of Canada and the Government of the Republic of Benin for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments (http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/fipa-apie/benin-text.aspx?lang=eng)
66 Daniel Tencer, 7 Things Harper Doesn’t Want You To Know About The China Trade Treaty (And A Few He Does), The Huffington Post Canada, Sept 17 2014 (http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/09/17/canada-china-fipa-facts_n_5836348.html)
67 Paula Butler, Canadian Mining and “Resource Nationalism”, Canadian Dimension, Sept 2014
68 Canadian miners wading into Africa, Toronto Star, Feb 18 2013 (http://www.thestar.com/business/economy/2013/02/18/fiminingafrica.html)
69 Paula Butler and Evans Rubara, Popularizing new neo-colonial governance processes for African minerals?, Issue 634, June 11 2013 (http://www.pambazuka.net/en/category.php/features/87799/print)
Chapter Ten
1 Peter Koven, Africa Rush; From political risk to corruption, obstacles to mining in Africa are many, but for those who persevere, the rewards can be huge, Financial Post, Mar 1 2008
2 Geneviève Lavoie-Mathieu, Burkina Faso: Gold, a Double-Edged Sword?, Alternatives International Journal, Apr 1 2013 (http://www.alterinter.org/spip.php?article3990)
3 Ibid
4 Minister Oda announces initiatives to increase the benefits of natural resource management for people in Africa and South America, Sept 29 2011 (http://www.international.gc.ca/media/dev/news-communiques/2011/09/29a.aspx?lang=eng)
5 Marco Chown Oved, After the gold rush, Toronto Star, Dec 12 2014 (http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2014/12/01/burkina_faso_after_the_gold_rush.html)
6 Geoffrey York, In West Africa, a Canadian mining company pioneers ‘the new humanitarianism’, The Globe and Mail, Mar 20 2012
7 Ibid
8 Liezel Hill, “Iamgold faces labour dispute in Burkina Faso,” Mining Weekly, May 12 2011 (http://www.miningweekly.com/article/iamgold-faces-labour-dispute-in-burkina-faso-2011-05-12)
9 Ibid
10 Simon Gongo, Burkina Faso Residents Protest Iamgold’s Essakane Mine, Bloomberg, Mar 21 2012 (http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-03-21/burkina-faso-residents-protest-iamgold-s-essakane-mine-jobs-1-); Exploitation miniere à Essakane - Les jeunes bloquent l’acces de Dori aux véhicules de IAMGOLD, mars 22 2012 (http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201203221192.html)
11 Geoffrey York, In West Africa, a Canadian mining company pioneers ‘the new humanitarianism,’ The Globe and Mail, Mar 20 2012 (http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/in-west-africa-a-canadian-mining-company-pioneers-the-new-humanitarianism/article535009/)
12 Daouda Emile Ouedraogo, Benoît La Salle, PDG de la SEMAFO: “Le secteur minier sera un des moteurs du développement du Burkina Faso” May 28 2007 (http://www.lefaso.net/spip.php?article21052)
13 Yan Barcelo, Midas Touch: A CA discovers an El Dorado in West Africa, CA magazine, Aug 2010 (file:///C:/Users/n_hausf/Downloads/CAmagazine-August-2010.pdf)
14 Peter Koven, The benefactor turns a profit; SEMAFO grew out of a charitable visit to Africa, National Post, July 29 2010
15 Gérard Coulibaly Wanlé, Exploitation minière: Essakane remercie le gouvernement burkinabè, Ouaga.com, Mar 27, 2014 (http://news.aouaga.com/h/23390.html)
16 Burkina Faso coup highlights African investment risks, The West Australian, Nov 2014
17 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9)
18 Henry Lazenby, True Gold’s Karma project construction back on track, June 17 2015 (http://www.miningweekly.com/article/true-golds-karma-project-construction-back-on-track-2015-06-17)
19 Update on Bombore and Burkina Faso, Nov 3 2014 (http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/orezone-update-on-bombore-and-burkina-faso-tsx-ore-1963735.htm)
20 Pauline Bax and Simon Gongo, Revolt Rocks Burkina Faso’s Mines After President Flees, Bloomberg, Apr 7 2015 (http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-08/revolt-rocks-burkina-faso-s-mines-after-president-compaore-flees)
21 Ibid
22 Business Monitor Online, Mining Audit Poses Little Risk To Established Players, Dec 1 2014 (http://www.bmiresearch.com/news-and-views/mining-audit-poses-little-risk-to-established-players)
23 Burkina Faso talks agree one-year transition until polls in Nov 2015, Reuters, Nov 6 2014 (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/burkinafaso/11212477/Burkina-Faso-talks-agree-one-year-transition-until-polls-in-Nov-2015.html)
24 Minister Paradis lifts suspension of aid to Burkina Faso, Nov 26 2014 (http://www.international.gc.ca/media/dev/news-communiques/2014/11/26a.aspx?lang=eng)
25 Christopher Abbott, A Masked Military Junta: Examining Burkina Faso’s Transitional Government, Nov 28 2014 (http://natocouncil.ca/a-masked-military-junta-examining-burkina-fasos-transitional-government/)
26 Baird Calls for End to Violence in Burkina Faso, Oct 30 2014 (http://www.international.gc.ca/media/aff/news-communiques/2014/10/30c.aspx?lang=eng)
27 Minister Fast Concludes Successful Visit to Burkina Faso, June 19 2014 (http://www.international.gc.ca/media/comm/news-communiques/2014/06/19d.aspx?lang=eng)
28 La Voix de l’Amérique, L’armée, maître du jeu au Burkina, s’arroge cinq portefeuilles ministériels, Nov 24 2011 (http://www.voaafrique.com/content/larmee-maitre-du-jeu-au-burkina-s-arrose-cinq-portefeuilles-ministeriels/2531838.html)
29 Peter Gonnella, Congo: Anvil Mining Hammered Over Military Assistance, MineWeb June 8 2005 (http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=12361)
30 Tom Burgis, The Looting Machine: Warlords, Oligarchs, Corporations, Smugglers, and the Theft of Africa’s Wealth, 39
31 Ibid, 38
32 Sally Neighbour, The Kilwa Incident Transcript report, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Four Corners, June 6 2005 (http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2005/s1386467.htm)
33 Ibid
34 Tom Sandborn, Canadian Mining Firm Accused of Complicity in Congo Killings, Nov 26 2010 (http://thetyee.ca/News/2010/11/26/CongoKillings/)
35 Ibid
36 Anvil Mining and the Kilwa Massacre, D.R. Congo: Canadian Company Implicated?, June 16 2005 (http://www.miningwatch.ca/anvil-mining-and-kilwa-massacre-dr-congo-canadian-company-implicated)
37 Supreme Court won’t hear appeal in Congo massacre case, The Canadian Press, Nov 1 2012
(http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/supreme-court-won-t-hear-appeal-in-congo-massacre-case-1.1297191)
38 Canada and the geopolitics of mining interests: a case study of the Democratic Republic of Congo
39 Burgis, The Looting Machine, 39
40 Ibid, 38; Alain Deneault, Offshore: paradis fiscaux et souveraineté criminelle, 165
41 Parliamentary Panel Slams Katanga Operations, Africa Mining Intelligence, Mar 1, 2006
42 Burgis, The Looting Machine, 52
43 La Mancha under pressure, Africa Mining Intelligence, Feb 22 2012
44 La Côte d’Ivoire distinguée pour ses réformes dans le secteur minier, Dec 24, 2014 (http://news.abidjan.net/h/519024.html)
45 Geoffrey York, Canadian companies go their own way in Africa, Feb 10 2015 (http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-business/canadian-mining-companies-find-niches-in-smaller-african-countries/article22904732/)
46 Le Président du Groupe minier canadien Sama ressources, le Secrétaire Exécutif du Conseil de l’Entente et des Hommes d’Affaires japonais reçus par le Chef de l’Etat 3 Dec 2013 (http://news.abidjan.net/h/481316.html)
47 Côte d’Ivoire: inauguration d’une quatrième mine d’or pour augmenter la production aurifère de 20% Jan 28 2014 (http://news.abidjan.net/h/485711.html)
48 Hear No Evil Forced Labor and Corporate Responsibility in Eritrea’s Mining Sector, Jan 15 2013 (https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/01/15/hear-no-evil/forced-labor-and-corporate-responsibility-eritreas-mining-sector) ; Canadian Mine Among Sites of Gross Human Rights Violations in Eritrea – UN Report, June 9 2015 (http://www.miningwatch.ca/blog/canadian-mine-among-sites-gross-human-rights-violations-eritrea-un-report)
49 Matthew McClearn, The slaves of Eritrea, May 9 2014 (http://www.canadianbusiness.com/global-report/the-slaves-of-eritrea/)
50 Canada Trade Mission to Nigeria and Ghana, Jan 27 2013 (http://www.international.gc.ca/commerce/visit-visite/africa-2013-afrique.aspx?lang=eng)
51 Abdulai Darimani, Impacts of Activities of Canadian Mining Companies in Africa, Third World Network - Africa Secretariat Oct 31, 2005 (http://www.miningwatch.ca/sites/www.miningwatch.ca/files/Africa_case_study_0.pdf)
52 Ibid
53 Ibid
54 Ghanaian Chronicle, Ghana: Mining Companies Should Do More, July 23 2004
55 George Nyavor, Researchers disagree on study linking mining in Prestea to increased cancer cases, Myjoyonline.com Sept 24 2014 (http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2014/september-24th/researchers-disagree-on-study-linking-mining-in-prestea-to-increased-cancer-cases.php#sthash.9J2QmHoP.dpuf)
56 Gavin Hilson and Natalia Yakovleva, Strained relations: A critical analysis of the mining conflict in Prestea, Ghana, The Centre For Business Relationships, Accountability, Sustainability and Society, Working paper series No 34
57 Police/Army open fire at Prestea, Ghanaian Chronicle, June 16 2005 (http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Police-Army-open-fire-at-Prestea-83763)
58 Gavin Hilson and Natalia Yakovleva, Strained relations: A critical analysis of the mining conflict in Prestea, Ghana, The Centre For Business Relationships, Accountability, Sustainability and Society, Working paper series No 34
59 Canadian Police investigate acquisition of Sheini Hills Iron Ore concessions, citifmonline, June 26 2012 (http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Canadian-Police-investigate-acquisition-of-Sheini-Hills-Iron-Ore-concessions-243071)
60 Lee Adoboe, Police question journalist for investigating a mining firm, Aug 19 2012 (Http://edition.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201207/90544.php)
61 Edmond Gyebi, Sheini Indigenes Threaten To Attack Mining Coy, Jan 8 2014 (http://thechronicle.com.gh/sheini-indigenes-threaten-to-attack-mining-coy/)
62 Ibid
63 Alpha Condé suspend le secrétaire général du ministère des mines pour la vente « illicite » des mines d’or de Kiniero, June 5 2014 (http://guineenews.org/alpha-conde-suspend-le-secretaire-general-du-ministere-des-mines-pour-la-vente-illicite-des-mines-dor-de-kiniero/)
64 Three said killed in army crackdown on small scale miners in central east Guinea, BBC Monitoring Africa –BBC Worldwide Monitoring, June 6 2008
65 Ibid
66 Peter Koven, Protests in guinea won’t hurt semafo, National Post Sept 21 2011
67 Woes for Canada’s Semafo at Kiniero; Gold, Africa Mining Intelligence, Sept 28 2011
68 Semafo caught out by Mazars law, Africa Mining Intelligence, Mar 24 2015
69 Ibid
70 Kwale Dispatch: Investigating Tiomin Resources’ Criminal Activities In Kenya Aug 7 2007 (http://www.miningwatch.ca/kwale-dispatch-investigating-tiomin-resources-criminal-activities-kenya)
71 Gemma Richardson, Tiomin Given Final Approval for Kwale Titanium Mine, Feb 9 2005 (http://www.dominionpaper.ca/canadian_news/2005/02/09/tiomin_giv.html)
72 Profiles of some Canadian mining companies operating in Africa, Groupe de recherche sur les activités minières en Afrique, Spring 2001
73 Ngeta Kabiri, The Coast Mining Rights Forum: An Anti-Tiomin or Anti-Titanium Mining Coalition in Kenya?, Southeastern Regional Seminar in African Studies (SERSAS), Fall Meeting, Oct 13 2001 (http://www.ecu.edu/african/sersas/Papers/KabiriNgetaFall01.htm)
74 Profiles of some Canadian mining companies operating in Africa, Groupe de recherche sur les activités minières en Afrique, Spring 2001
75 Ibid
76 Tiomin at Grips with Farmers, Africa Mining Intelligence, May 16 2001
77 New Negotiations Over Tiomin Deal, East African Standard, Sept 19 2003 (http://allafrica.com/stories/200309190479.html)
78 Ibid
79 Frank Otieno, Canadians seek minerals in Siaya, The Standard, Feb 23 2015 (http://ices.or.ke/canadians-seek-minerals-in-siaya/)
80 Kenya and Canada to sign investment protection deal, Xinhua, Apr 16 2014 (http://www.coastweek.com/3716-itn-03.htm)
81 Immaculate Karambu, Vanoil to use its British and Swiss links to press for Sh13bn payment, Oct 4 2014 (http://mobile.nation.co.ke/business/Vanoil-Compensation-Case-United-Kingdom-Switzerland/-/1950106/2475342/-/format/xhtml/-/fgxhexz/-/index.html)
82 Vanoil Announces Corporate Restructuring, Oct 31 2014 (http://www.vanoil.ca/s/NewsReleases.asp?ReportID=681440&_Type=News-Releases&_Title=Vanoil-Announces-Corporate-Restructuring)
83 Alain Deneault, William Sacher, Patrick Ducharme, Imperial Canada Inc.: Legal Haven of Choice for the World’s Mining Industries, 42
84 Rachel Pulfer, Castro’s Favourite Capitalist, Dec 2009 (http://thewalrus.ca/castros-favourite-capitalist/)
85 Ibid
86 Sherritt Reports Fatality at the Ambatovy Joint Venture, Press release, May 18 2015 (http://www.sherritt.com/press-releases/sherritt-reports-fatality-at-the-ambatovy-joint-venture-tsx-s-11g041990-001)
87 Sherritt Confirms Strike Action at Its Ambatovy Plant, Marketwired, Apr 15 2015 (http://www.sherritt.com/press-releases/sherritt-confirms-strike-action-at-its-ambatovy-plant-tsx-s-11g038542-001)
88 Another Mining Horror Story?: Sherritt International Corporation’s Ambatovy Project in Madagascar, Apr 10 2012 (http://www.miningwatch.ca/article/another-mining-horror-story-sherritt-international-corporation-s-ambatovy-project-madagascar)
89 Madagascar: les compagnies minières critiquées par Rajoelina, Xinhua, Jan 22 2013 (http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2013/1/21/madagascar-compagnies-minieres-critiquees-rajoelina-216460.asp)
90 Geoffrey York, In Africa, Canada’s ‘economic diplomacy’ is nothing new Globe and Mail Nov 27 2013
91 Canadian embassies abroad (http://www.sources.com/SSR/Docs/PNN28-8-CanadianEmbassies.pdf)
92 Pollution minière : des employés d’une filiale canadienne arrêtés en Mauritanie, La Presse, Apr 14 2010 (http://www.lapresse.ca/environnement/201004/14/01-4270417-pollution-miniere-des-employes-dune-filiale-canadienne-arretes-en-mauritanie.php)
93 Katelyn Spidle, A decade of safer gold extraction: Industry celebrates 10 years with the cyanide code, CIM Magazine, May 2015 (https://magazine.cim.org/en/2015/May/news/A-decade-of-safer-gold-extraction.aspx#sthash.k1IsQyrf.dpuf); Deaglan McManus, Drew Garvie and Padraic O’Brien, Feeding corporate responsibility, The Ontarion, Sept 13 2013 (http://www.theontarion.com/2013/09/feeding-corporate-responsibility/ Feeding corporate responsibility )
94 Christophe Le Bec, La Mauritanie a encore des filons à creuser, Jeune Afrique, Jan 29 2013 (http://economie.jeuneafrique.com/regions/afrique-subsaharienne/15308-la-mauritanie-a-encore-des-filons-a-creuser.html)
95 Mauritania: Solidarity with Workers on Strike at Tasiast Gold Mine, Aug 16 2013 (http://www.ituc-csi.org/mauritania-solidarity-with-workers)
96 Geoffrey York, Kinross defends Tasiast mine layoffs, The Globe and Mail, Jan 15 2014 (http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/kinross-defends-tasiast-mine-layoffs/article16353908/)
97 Ibid
98 Christophe Le Bec, La Mauritanie a encore des filons à creuser, Jeune Afrique, Jan 29 2013 (http://economie.jeuneafrique.com/regions/afrique-subsaharienne/15308-la-mauritanie-a-encore-des-filons-a-creuser.html)
99 Kinross-Tasiast: L’or est de silence. Apr 19 2012 (http://www.rmibiladi.com/fr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1909:kinross-tasiast-lor-est-de-silence&catid=1:actualites&Itemid=2)
100 Oulad Bou Sbaas, Deep into mining, Africa Mining Intelligence, Apr 2 2013
101 Ambassador Powell Visits Tasiast Gold Mine, Nov 17 2011 (http://mauritania.usembassy.gov/mobile//tasiast.html)
102 Mauritania’s MCM: Digging for minerals, burying the truth (https://lissnup.wordpress.com/2012/10/08/mauritanias-mcm-digging-for-minerals-burying-the-truth/)
103 Plate Forme revendicative des travailleurs de MCM Akjoujt, Dec 21 2011 (http://www.cgtm.org/spip.php?article888)
104 Mauritanie-MCM : Un mort et 6 blessés lors d’une grève des employés, Al Akhbar, July 15 2012 (http://www.kassataya.com/societe/10469-mauritanie-mcm-un-mort-et-6-blesses-lors-dune-greve-des-employes)
105 Mauritania’s MCM: Digging for minerals, burying the truth (https://lissnup.wordpress.com/2012/10/08/mauritanias-mcm-digging-for-minerals-burying-the-truth/)
106 Ibid
107 Les délégués des travailleurs de la MCM demandent à ce que le groupe licencié recouvre ses droits, Sahara Médias, Nov 4 2012 (http://fr.saharamedias.net/Les-delegues-des-travailleurs-de-la-MCM-demandent-a-ce-que-le-groupe-licencie-recouvre-ses-droits_a3629.html)
108 Ibid
109 Ibid
110 Ibid
111 Second Case Before Canada’s CSR Counsellor is Closed, Recommending Existing On-The-Ground Dispute Resolution, Corporate Social Responsibility Bulletin, Apr 9 2012 (http://www.fasken.com/en/second-case-before-canada-csr-counsellor-closed/)
112 Ibid
113 The Federal CSR Counsellor Has Left the Building: Can we now have an effective ombudsman mechanism for the extractive sector?, Nov 1 2013 (http://www.miningwatch.ca/blog/federal-csr-counsellor-has-left-building-can-we-now-have-effective-ombudsman-mechanism-extracti)
114 Ibid
115 Don MacDonald, Local Miner a Major Force in Niger, Montreal Gazette, April 16 2007
116 Ibid
117 Geoffrey York, Niger: Digging in: uranium’s next frontier, The Globe and Mail, Feb 9 2009
118 Ibid
119 Lawrence Williams, Semafo Facing an African Gold Take-Away?, Sept 1, 2010 (http://www.mining.com/semafo-facing-an-african-gold-take-away/)
120 Scandale des richesses minières : le Niger crie famine, la Semafo célèbre son « millionième » once d’or, Ouestafnews, Mars 22 2010 (http://www.ouestaf.com/Scandale-des-richesses-minieres-le-Niger-crie-famine-la-Semafo-celebre-son-millionieme-once-d-or_a2857.html)
121 Steven Edwards, Diplomat visited Niger mine before vanishing Canwest News Service Dec 18 2008 (http://www.canada.com/diplomat+visited+niger+mine+before+vanishing/1091337/story.html)
122 Canada and Australia back drive in favour of Nigerian mining, Africa Mining Intelligence, July 9 2013
123 Abu Nmodu, Nigeria: Niger to Collaborate With Canadian Firm On Solid Minerals Exploration, Aug 3 2012 (http://allafrica.com/stories/201208030316.htmL)
124 Patrick Ugeh, Canada Seeks to Invest in Nigeria’s Mining Sector, Nov 8 2011 (http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/canada-seeks-to-invest-in-nigeria-s-mining-sector/102297/)
125 Teddy Nwanunobi, Canada Seeks Mining Business in Country, Abuja Leadership, Feb 26 2008
126 Patrick Ugeh, Canada Seeks to Invest in Nigeria’s Mining Sector, Nov 8 2011 (http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/canada-seeks-to-invest-in-nigeria-s-mining-sector/102297/)
127 Daniel Proussalidis, Senegal a possible ‘hub’ for Canadian investment in Africa: Harper, Oct 12, 2012 (http://www.torontosun.com/2012/10/12/senegal-a-possible-hub-for-canadian-investment-in-africa-harper)
128 Wade-Mamour Cissé, Les PIQUES de L’AS de ce Mercredi, Allo Dakar May 21 2014 (http://allodakar.com/?p=9862&lang=fr)
129 Elhadj Boubacar, Kedougou : Des orpailleurs dont 1 guinéen arrêtés à Sabodala, Mar 13 2015 (http://www.guinee360.com/13/03/2015/kedougou-des-orpailleurs-dont-1-guineen-arretes-a-sabodala/)
130 Mining and Human Rights in Senegal: closing the gaps in protection, Amnesty International, 2014 (http://www.amnesty.ca/sites/default/files/p4350_senegal_mining_report_-_web_en.pdf)
131 Tapa Tounkara, Sabadola : « la cohabitation est très difficile avec Teranga Gold Operation », Nov 22 2014 (http://www.gfm.sn/sabadola-la-cohabitation-est-tres-difficile-avec-teranga-gold-operation-populations/)
132 Ibid
133 Aly Fall, Licenciement abusif : L’ex-Dg Macoumba Diop et Sgo à la barre, May 12 2015 (http://www.lequotidien.sn/index.php/sports/licenciement-abusif-l-ex-dg-macoumba-diop-et-sgo-a-la-barre)
134 Aly Sagne, Teranga Gold va-t-elle se donner les moyens d’évaluer sa performance RSE?, Apr 1 2014 (https://alysagne.wordpress.com/2014/03/01/teranga-gold-va-t-elle-se-donner-les-moyens-devaluer-sa-performance-rse/)
135 Mike De Souza, Stephen Harper offers food security and jobs training in Senegal, Oct 11 2012 (http://o.canada.com/news/national/stephen-harper-offers-food-security-and-jobs-training-in-senegal)
136 Daniel Proussalidis, Senegal a possible ‘hub’ for Canadian investment in Africa: Harper, Oct 12 2012 (http://www.torontosun.com/2012/10/12/senegal-a-possible-hub-for-canadian-investment-in-africa-harper)
137 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War)
138 Ian Smillie, Lansana Gberie, Ralph Hazleton, The Heart of the Matter: Sierra Leone, Diamonds & Human Security, 51
139 Alain Deneault, Delphine Abadie et William Sacher, Noir Canada: Pillage, corruption et criminalité en Afrique, 185
140 Ian Smillie, Lansana Gberie, Ralph Hazleton, The Heart of the Matter: Sierra Leone, Diamonds & Human Security, 52
141 Lansana Gberie, A Dirty War in West Africa: the RUF and the Destruction of Sierra Leone, 94; Herbert M. Howe, Private Security Forces and African Stability: The Case of Executive Outcomes, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol 36, No 2, June 1998
142 Madelaine Drohan, Miner linked to mercenaries DiamondWorks’ shareholder acts as agent for security firm, The Globe and Mail Feb 21 1997
143 Pratap Chatterjee, Mercenary Armies and Mineral Wealth, Covert Action Quarterly, Fall 1997
144 Ian Mulgrew, Gunning for Business: Private armies, coups, bribery, Vancouver Sun, Jan 31 1998
145 Ibid
146 Chuck Ricks, The Role of the Global SOF Network in a Resource Constrained Environment, JSOU Report, Nov 2013 (http://jsou.socom.mil/JSOU%20Publications/Global%20SOF%20Network%20Resource%20Constrained%20Environment_FINAL.pdf)
147 Paula Joan Butler, Violence as Civility: Race, Mining and Canadian Neocolonizers in African States, University of Toronto, 2006, 329
148 Ibid
149 Ibid, 330
150 Ibid, 318
151 Ibid, 316
152 Ibid
153 Ibid
154 Ibid, 331
155 Foreign miners warn they may sue government (http://www.l2b.co.za/News/News/DisplayArticle?ID=061b30b6-deb3-4bca-a134-e0788bbbdb46)
156 Ibid, 318
157 Geoffrey York, Robert Friedland’s mining showdown in South Africa, The Globe and Mail, Jan 9 2015
158 Ibid
159 Ibid
160 Rebecca Davis, Ivanhoe’s Platreef mine: Doing business in a complicated country, Daily Maverick, Jan 13 2015 (http://allafrica.com/stories/201501130512.html)
161 Teresa Matich, Police Disperse Protesters Near Ivanhoe’s Platreef Project Resource, Investing News, Nov 26 2014 (http://platinuminvestingnews.com/9551-ivanhoe-mines-ivn-platreef-project-south-africa-protest-police-rubber-bullets.html)
162 Geoffrey York, Robert Friedland’s mining showdown in South Africa, The Globe and Mail Jan 9 2015
163 Dangerous Levels of Arsenic Found Near Tanzania Mine, Nov 17 2009 (http://www.miningwatch.ca/es/node/6356)
164 Ibid
165 The human cost of gold: And a deadly price to pay, This Day, June 30 2009 (http://corpwatch.org/article.php?id=15402)
166 Geoffrey York, Barrick hopes to score with new measures in Tanzania, Globe and Mail, Feb 5 2014
167 John Vidal, British gold mining firm agrees settlement over deaths of Tanzanian villagers, Guardian Feb 10 2015
168 African Barrick’s Confidential Compensation Agreements Questioned at Troubled Tanzania Mine Dec 17 2013 (http://www.miningwatch.ca/news/african-barrick-s-confidential-compensation-agreements-questioned-troubled-tanzania-mine)
169 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulyanhulu_Gold_Mine); African Barrick Gold reports fatality at Bulyanhulu, Mar 26 2014 (https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/african-barrick-gold-reports-fatality-084100250.html)
170 Paula Joan Butler, Violence as Civility: Race, Mining and Canadian Neocolonizers in African States, University of Toronto, 2006, 306
171 Report of the International NGO Fact-finding Mission to Tanzania Apr 16 2002 (http://www.miningwatch.ca/report-international-ngo-fact-finding-mission-tanzania)
172 Tundu A.M. Lissu, Tanzania: Human Rights Advocacy and the Bulyanhulu Gold Mine (http://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/docs/advocacytoolscasestudies/casestudy.tanzania.final.pdf)
173 Finnigan wa Simbeye, Barrick and Tanzania Government Muzzling Evidence on Bulyanhulu Murders, The Perspective, May 7 2002 (http://www.theperspective.org/bulyanhulu.html)
174 What Really Happened at the Barrick Gold Mine in Tanzania? April 16 2002 (http://www.miningwatch.ca/what-really-happened-barrick-gold-mine-tanzania)
175 Paula Joan Butler, Violence as Civility: Race, Mining and Canadian Neocolonizers in African States, University of Toronto, 2006, 310
176 Ibid, 303
177 Kelly Holloway and Stephen Kerr, What was the Canadian Government’s Role? University of Toronto Varsity, Apr 15 2002 (http://thevarsity.ca/2002/04/15/what-was-the-canadian-governments-role/)
178 Ibid, 304
179 Ibid, 309
180 Ibid, 302
181 Ibid, 304
182 Ibid
183 Human Rights Advocate Jailed in Tanzania — Please Write Letters!, Jan 3 2003 (http://www.miningwatch.ca/human-rights-advocate-jailed-tanzania-please-write-letters)
184 Government Thwarts Inquiry into Bulyanhulu, Africa Mining Intelligence, April 3 2002
185 Paula Butler and Evans Rubara, Popularizing new neo-colonial governance processes for African minerals? Issue 634, June 11 2013 (http://pambazuka.org/en/category/features/87799)
186 Paula Joan Butler, Violence as Civility: Race, Mining and Canadian Neocolonizers in African States, University of Toronto, 2006, 305
187 Death & taxes: the true toll of tax dodging, Christian Aid, May 12 2008 (http://www.christianaid.org.uk/images/deathandtaxes.pdf)
188 Mike Blanchfield, Harper’s Tanzania visit highlights school children and Canadian business, CanWest News Service Nov 26 2007
189 Ibid
190 Linda McQuaig, Canada mines African discontent, Toronto Star, Jun 6 2011
191 Phosphate: Morocco’s White Gold, Bloomberg, Nov 4 2010 (http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/magazine/content/10_46/b4203080895976.htm)
192 Ibid
193 Armina Ligaya, Desert Storm: Why Canadian fertilizer firms’ phosphate from Western Sahara is causing controversy, Feb 11, 2014 (http://business.financialpost.com/financial-post-magazine/desert-storm-why-canadian-fertilizer-firms-phosphate-from-western-sahara-is-causing-controversy)
194 Phosphate Rock from Western Sahara, PotashCorp, Aug 2014 (www.potashcorp.com/media/POT_Western_Sahara_08_2014.pdf)
195 Tom Stevenson, Occupied and Exploited - Taking Western Sahara’s Resources, Think Africa Press, Oct 25 2013 (http://allafrica.com/stories/201310251511.html)
196 Malainin Lakhal, AU asks UN to set referendum date in Western Sahara, June 19 2015, Issue 731 (http://www.pambazuka.net/en/issue.php/current/)
197 Kristen Chick, In remote Western Sahara, prized phosphate drives controversial investments, Jan 24 2013 (http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2013/0124/In-remote-Western-Sahara-prized-phosphate-drives-controversial-investments)
198 Alastair Fraser and John Lungu, For Whom the Windfalls?: Winners & losers in the privatisation of Zambia’s copper mines, Civil Society Trade Network of Zambia (http://www.banktrack.org/manage/ems_files/download/for_whom_the_windfalls_/report_for_whom_the_wind_falls.pdf)
199 Khadija Sharife, Conned for her copper: Zambia pays the price for aid, The Ecologist, Sept 29 2009 (http://www.theecologist.org/investigations/politics_and_economics/328797/conned_for_her_copper_zambia_pays_the_price_for_aid.html)
200 Lise Rakner, Political and Economic Liberalisation in Zambia: 1991-2001, 205
201 Court jails Former ZCCM boss- Francis Kaunda, Lusaka Times, Aug 15 2008 (http://www.lusakatimes.com/2008/08/15/court-jails-former-zccm-boss-francis-kaunda/)
202 Jean-Christophe Servant, Mined out in Zambia, Monde Diplomatique, May 2009 (http://mondediplo.com/2009/05/09zambia)
203 David Manley, Caught in a Trap: Zambia’s Mineral Tax Reforms, ICTD Working Paper 5 (http://www.ictd.ac/en/publications/caught-trap-zambia%E2%80%99s-mineral-tax-reforms)
204 Alastair Fraser and John Lungu, For Whom the Windfalls?: Winners & losers in the privatisation of Zambia’s copper mines, Civil Society Trade Network of Zambia (http://www.banktrack.org/manage/ems_files/download/for_whom_the_windfalls_/report_for_whom_the_wind_falls.pdf)
205 Nick Mathiason, Zambia’s new bid to cash in on copper, The Observer Oct 28 2007
206 David Manley, Caught in a Trap: Zambia’s Mineral Tax Reforms, ICTD Working Paper 5 (http://www.ictd.ac/en/publications/caught-trap-zambia%E2%80%99s-mineral-tax-reforms)
207 Jeff Kapembwa, Zambia’s Foreign Miners Cry Foul, Business in Africa, July 5 2005 (http://allafrica.com/stories/200507070560.html); Mining firms threaten to sue Zambia, Morning Star, Feb 14 2008
208 History, First Quantum (http://www.first-quantum.com/Our-Company/history/default.aspx)
209 Only two Mining companies were paying Tax under the previous tax regime-Chikwanda, Lusaka Times, Feb 26 2015 (http://www.lusakatimes.com/2015/02/26/two-mining-companies-paying-tax-previous-tax-regime-chikwanda/)
210 James Kunda, New Mine Taxes Harmful, Times of Zambia, Oct 15 2014
211 Zambia warns mining company over worker dismissal, Xinhua, Apr 3 2015 (http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-04/03/c_134123665.htm)
212 Lumwana Mine, which prompted 2,000 workers, fearing for their jobs, to hold a one-day strike, Reuters Feb 23 2015 (http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/business/over-2000-workers-strike-at-barrick-golds-zambia-copper-mine/articleshow/46341413.cms)
213 Watch the documentary on how the Swiss get rich at Zambia’s expense, May 13 2014 (http://www.zambianwatchdog.com/watch-the-documentary-on-how-the-swiss-get-rich-at-zambias-expense/)
214 The Mopani saga and Zambia’s windfall tax: an alternative reading, Oct 22 2014 (https://martinhearson.wordpress.com/tag/glencore/)
215 Paul Carlucci, Zambia’s legacy of nationalisation in Kalumbila, Feb 17 2014 (http://www.theafricareport.com/Southern-Africa/zambias-legacy-of-nationalisation.html)
216 Zambia – conflict between copper mining companies and communities, Think Africa Press, Oct 22 2013 (http://africajournalismtheworld.com/2013/10/22/zambia-conflict-between-copper-mining-companies-and-communities/)
217 Corruption and exploitation: the war of NGOs against companies, Lusaka Voice, Nov 12 2013 (http://lusakavoice.com/2013/11/12/corruption-exploitation-war-ngos-companies/)
218 Huge land acquisition must be approved by President – Luo, Lusaka Times, Feb 16 2013 (http://www.lusakatimes.com/2013/02/16/huge-land-acquisition-must-be-approved-by-president-luo/)
219 The Copper Land Mine, Feb 22 2014 (http://joshuajerebusiness.blogspot.ca/2014/02/in-middle-of-massive-green-miombo.html)
220 Zambia: conflict between copper mining companies and communities, Think Africa Press, Oct 22 2013 (http://africajournalismtheworld.com/2013/10/22/zambia-conflict-between-copper-mining-companies-and-communities/)
221 Darlene Miller, Dimuna Phiri, Caesar Katebe, Gillian Kerchhoff , Mahongo Mazeze, Genevieve Musongole, Zambian villagers ‘hindering development’ by resisting Canadian mining company? Apr 25 2014 (http://www.plaas.org.za/blog/zambian-villagers-%E2%80%98hindering-development%E2%80%99-resisting-canadian-mining-company#sthash.hAfM3nnS.FKyIO9VW.dpuf)
222 Ibid
223 Peter Adamu, FQM Fires Striking Miners, Zambia Reports, Jan 30 2015 (http://zambiareports.com/2015/01/30/fqm-fires-striking-miners/)
224 Davies M.M Chanda, Miner dies at Kalumbila Mar 10 2015 (http://www.times.co.zm/?p=52510
225 Grist Staff, Peter Sinkamba, Citizens for a Better Environment, Apr 2 2002 (http://grist.org/article/sinkamba-cbe/1/)
226 EIB Loans Under Fire, Africa Mining Intelligence, Mar 1 2006
227 ZAMBIA: Mining companies accused of environmental negligence, Jan 8 2008 (http://www.irinnews.org/report/76144/zambia-mining-companies-accused-of-environmental-negligence)
228 Ibid
229 Brittany Crocker, Environmental and health issues in the Zambian copper belt, Nov 22 2013 (http://globaljournalist.org/2013/11/456/)
230 Rob Davies, Glencore hit by rioters at Zambian copper plant over sulphur dioxide pollution, Daily Mail, Aug 26 2014 (http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/markets/article-2735182/Glencore-hit-rioters-Zambian-copper-plant.html#ixzz3dFzrTBfX)
231 Canada to continue investing in Zambia’s mining sector, Apr 10 2014 (http://news.hot877.com/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi?p=11345)
232 Zambia Lays Out Welcome Mat To SAMSSA Members, Sudbury Mining Solutions Journal, Feb 2005 (http://samssa.ca/2005/02/zambia/)
233 Larry Moonze, Zambia: PF is Free to Meet Me, Says Deyell, Zambia Post, Mar 10 2005 (http://allafrica.com/stories/200503100697.html)
Chapter Eleven
1 Rodney D. Sieh, Canadian Firm Submits Plan to Privatize Liberia Electricity Corporation, Fix Freeport, Apr 2 2007 (https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/theliberiancommunityusa/conversations/messages/1222)
2 Geoffrey York, CPCS Transcom helps tame traffic chaos in Lagos, The Globe and Mail, Apr 27 2011
3 Mary Gooderham, Opportunity in Africa: ‘Every single sector is growing’ May 16 2014 (https://globalconnections.hsbc.com/canada/en/articles/opportunity-africa-every-single-sector-growing)
4 Canada Africa Power Alliance, CPCS (http://www.canadaafricapoweralliance.com/#!cpcs/c1jlp)
5 Nancy Lynn, Out of... and into... Africa (http://www.ccafrica.ca/cpcs---out-of-and-into-africa.html); Geoffrey York, CPCS Transcom helps tame traffic chaos in Lagos, The Globe and Mail, Apr 27 2011
6 Peter Kieran, CPCS (http://www.cpcstrans.com/en/consultant-profiles/peter-james2/)
7 Ibid
8 Energy, Transport CPCS Transaction Advisory Services (www.cpcs.ca/download_file/view/793/139/149)
9 Durban: port in a storm, Jan 1 2003 (http://www.rra.co.za/?p=2021)
10 Kenya Port Authority Private Sector Participation Strategy, CPCS (http://www.cpcs.ca/fr/projets/kenya-port-authority-private-sector-participation-strategy/)
11 Jaindi Kisero, Can Kimunya force Mombasa port sale through?, The East African, Mar 7 2011 (http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Can+Kimunya+force+Mombasa+port+sale+through/-/2558/1119918/-/7hwohoz/-/index.html)
12 Kenya: Port Modernisation Unlikely Before 2013, May 10 2011 (http://www.ratio-magazine.com/201105103930/Kenya/Kenya-Port-Modernisation-Unlikely-Before-2013.html)
13 Marc-Andre Roy and Peter Kieran, Privatisation Rolls Across The Continent, International Railway Journal, Mar 1 2006 (http://www.cpcstrans.com/files/6813/9836/9073/Rail_Privatisation_Rolls_Across_the_Continent_IRJ_03-2006.pdf)
14 Ibid
15 Vivien Foster and Cecilia Briceño-Garmendia, Africa’s infrastructure: a time for transformation, 239
16 Gaël Raballand and Alan Whitworth, Should the Zambian Government Invest in Railways? Sept 11 2012 (http://www.zambianwatchdog.com/should-the-zambian-government-invest-in-railways/)
17 Brendan Martin, The World Bank, railways privatisation and trades unions, International Trade Union Cooperation, Briefing Papers, N° 4 2007
18 Widespread concessioning of railways has generally improved service and boosted revenues but concessioning alone probably cannot provide sufficient financing to rehabilitate Africa’s railways (http://www.infrastructureafrica.org/key-msg/sector/widespread-concessioning-railways-has-generally-improved-service-and-boosted-revenues)
19 Collins Magalasi, The Effects of Privatization on the Public Sectpr and the Role of the State in Malawi, Dec 2006 (http://collinsmagalasi.blogspot.ca/2008/08/effects-of-privatisation-in-malawi.html)
20 John Hilary, Profiting from Poverty - Water Justice, Sept 2004 (www.waterjustice.org/uploads/attachments/pdf67.pdf)
21 Dirty tricks against Comazar, June 11 2005 (http://www.africaintelligence.com/ION/business-intelligence/2005/06/11/dirty-tricks-against-comazar,14044375-ART)
22 Ibid
23 Mike Mande, Tanzania to redraw railway concession, East African, Aug 17 2009 (http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/-/2558/640202/-/r0mwwtz/-/index.html);
Faustine Kapama, CHC asked to pay 1.3 billion to Canadian firm, ENP Newswire, Aug 13 2009
24 Brendan Martin, The World Bank, railways privatisation and trades unions, International Trade Union Cooperation, Briefing Papers, N° 4 2007
25 Business plan for the private operation of Uganda railways corporation, 1997 (www.cpcs.ca/download_file/view/1559/425/)
26 Luke Mulunda, World Bank to Pump Sh6b in Railways Privatisation, The Kenya Standard, Nov 20 2004
27 Lucas Barasa, Railways to Send 8,970 Home, Africa News Service, Aug 17 2005 (http://business.highbeam.com/3548/article-1G1-135192787/railways-send-8970-home); PPP Project Case Studies, Nigeria Public-Private Partnerships Manual, Sept 2012 (http://ppptoolkit.icrc.gov.ng/ppp-project-case-studies/)
28 Brendan Martin, The World Bank, railways privatisation and trades unions, International Trade Union Cooperation, Briefing Papers, N° 4 2007
29 Is the RVR concession a raw deal to rail-bound cargo?, Africa Infrastructure Digest (http://www.africainfrastructuredigest.com/rail/is-the-rvr-concession-a-raw-deal-to-rail-bound-cargo/)
30 Jaindi Kisero, Privatising Kenya Railways was an Experiment Gone Bad, Daily Nation July 16 2008
31 Alain Deneault, Delphine Abadie et William Sacher, Noir Canada: Pillage, corruption et criminalité en Afrique, 223
32 CPCS Transcom Special Report, Apr 2000 (https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/37744147/sr-0004pdf-cpcs-transcom-ltd)
33 CIDA, Canada’s Railway Program in Mali (http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/INET/IMAGES.NSF/vLUImages/Performancereview3/$file/Mali_english.pdf)
34 CIDA, Investments in the Rail Sector in Senegal (http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/inet/images.nsf/vLUImages/Performancereview4/$file/SenegalEXECUTIVSum.pdf)
35 CIDA, Canada’s Railway Program in Mali (http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/INET/IMAGES.NSF/vLUImages/Performancereview3/$file/Mali_english.pdf); CIDA, Investments in the Rail Sector in Senegal (http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/inet/images.nsf/vLUImages/Performancereview4/$file/SenegalEXECUTIVSum.pdf)
36 Vincent Munié, On the slow train through Senegal, Le Monde Diplomatique, Mar 2007
37 Deneault, Abadie et Sacher, Noir Canada, 223
38 Vincent Munié, On the slow train through Senegal, Le Monde Diplomatique, Mar 2007
39 Ibid
40 Deneault, Abadie et Sacher, Noir Canada, 224
41 Ibid
42 http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/inet/images.nsf/vLUImages/Performancereview4/$file/SenegalEXECUTIVSum.pdf
43 Deneault, Abadie et Sacher, Noir Canada, 226
44 Jean Chatain, La formation, passage obligé du développement bamako, Nov 24 2001 (http://www.humanite.fr/node/255965)
45 Lucia Wegner, Privatisation: A Challenge for Sub-Saharan Africa, Policy Insights No 14, OECD (www.oecd.org/dev/35848653.pdf)
46 Jean-Claude Berthélemy Céline Kauffmann, Marie-Anne Valfort, Lucia Wegner Privatisation in Sub-Saharan Africa: Where do We Stand?, OECD, Paris 2003
47 Ibid, 62
48 Lomé résilie le contrat au groupe Elyo-Hydro Quebec International, Feb 23 2006 (http://www.ufctogo.com/+Lome-resilie-le-contrat-au-groupe+.html)
49 Les syndicats des travailleurs de la CEET se déclarent peu favorables à une privatisation, Xinhua News Agency, May 17 2006
50 Nilgün Gökgür, Privatization of Senegal electricity, One of Eight Papers from a Project Entitled: Assessing the Impact of Privatization in Africa, Oct 2006 (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNTFPSI/Resources/SenegalElectricity.pdf)
51 Miville Tremblay, Hydro prévoit des retombées de 200 millions au Sénégal, La Presse, Mar 3 1999
52 Grainne Ryder, Reckless Lending: How Canada’s Export Development Corporation Puts People and Environment at Risk, May 15 2001 (http://journal.probeinternational.org/2001/05/15/reckless-lending-how-canadas-export-development-corporation-puts-people-and-environment-risk/)
53 Ibid
54 Ibid
55 Ibid
56 David Hall, Energy privatisation and reform in East Africa, Public Services International Research Unit, Jan 12 2007
57 Africa Energy Intelligence, no. 448, State-Owned Enterprise, Sep 26, 2007, KPLC Dispute over Executives’ Bonus
58 Nigeria Power Sector Transactions, CPCS (http://www.cpcstrans.com/en/news/news/nigeria-power-sector-transactions/)
59 High consultancy fees and spiralling costs threaten railway network revamp, Nigerian Watch, Aug 13 2013 (http://www.nigerianwatch.com/news/2177-high-consultancy-fees-and-spiralling-costs-threaten-railway-network-revamp)
60 Peter Kieran, Review of the Reform and Privatization of the Power Sector in Nigeria, Dar es Salaam, Jan 31 2014, (http://www.energynet.co.uk/webfm_send/427)
61 Joe Brock, Nigeria lays out plans to privatise 10 power plants, Reuters, Jun 3, 2013 (http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/03/nigeria-electricity-privatisation-idUSL5N0EF27H20130603)
62 Nigeria advances privatization of NIPP gas-fired power plants (www.hoganlovells.com/.../Nigeria_advances_privatization_of_NIPP_gas); Clara Nwachukwu, FG woos investors to power sector, Jan 18 2011 (http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/01/fg-woos-investors-to-power-sector/#sthash.mHoaW0uc.dpuf)
63 Finally, Jonathan Speaks on Bart Nnaji’s Resignation, Aug 31, 2012 (http://www.nigeriaintel.com/2012/08/31/finally-jonathan-speaks-on-bart-nnajis-resignation/); Yunus Abdulhamid, TCN Contract Cancellation, Yet Another Setback?, Nov 15 2012 (http://allafrica.com/stories/201211150778.html)
64 Dramatic twists in Manitoba deal, Sunday Trust, Nov 18 2012
65 Judd-Leonard Okafor, Canada Joins Race for Nation’s Power Market, Daily Trust, Oct 26 2011 (http://allafrica.com/stories/201110270357.html)
66 Hamisu Muhammad, Nerc Assures Canadian Investors of Incentives, Daily Trust, Feb 26 2009
67 Iyefu Adoba, Canada Trains Nepa Staff With N82.5m, This Day, Mar 17 2005
68 Isiaka Wakili, Simon Sunday, Kayode Ekundayo, Mohammed Shosanya and Christiana Alabi, Power Firms Sold for N404 Billion After Gulping N3.2 Trillion, Daily Trust, Oct 1 2013 (http://allafrica.com/stories/201310010479.html)
69 The Africa Energy Yearbook Interview, 2013, Peter Kieran, President, CPCS (www.energynet.co.uk/webfm_send/202)
70 Tunji Ariyomo, Power Sector Reform - TCN, Manitoba and Suggestions for the New Power Minister, Feb 7 2013 (http://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/119166-power-sector-reform-tcn-manitoba-and-suggestions-for-the-new-power-minister-by-tunji-ariyomo.html)
71 PHCN workers’ attempted stop of Manitoba’s N3.72b TCN management takeover, Aug 5 2012 (http://dailyindependentnig.com/2012/08/phcn-workers-attempted-stop-of-manitobas-n3-72b-tcn-management-takeover/)
72 Ata Udo, Updated: Jonathan cancels PHCN management contract awarded by Barth Nnaji, Premium Times, Nov 14 2012 (http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/107052-updated-jonathan-cancels-phcn-management-contract-awarded-by-barth-nnaji.html)
73 Tunji Ariyomo, Power Sector Reform - TCN, Manitoba and Suggestions for the New Power Minister, Feb 7 2013 (http://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/119166-power-sector-reform-tcn-manitoba-and-suggestions-for-the-new-power-minister-by-tunji-ariyomo.html)
74 Temitayo Odunlami, Nigeria: Why I Quit TCN Job - Hamman Tukur, Daily Trust, Jan 5 2014
75 Nuruddeen M. Abdallah, Power sector: Manitoba usurping Jonathan’s power - Hamman Tukur, Daily Trust, Jan 5 2014
76 Chineme Okafor, Manitoba Contract: BPE Challenges Mis-procurement Charge by BPP, Nov 15 2012
77 How Canadian Govt Forced Jonathan to Make U-Turn Abuja Leadership, Abuja Leadership, Nov 20 2012
78 Raliat Ahmed-Yusuf, Nigeria: Manitoba Won Fair, Square - Canadian Envoy, Abuja Leadership, Nov 23 2012
79 Ibid
80 Muhammad Bello, Nigeria, Canada Sign Pact to Boost Investment, This Day, May 3 2013 (http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/nigeria-canada-sign-pact-to-boost-investment/146626/)
81 Iyefu Adoba, Canada Trains Nepa Staff With N82.5m, This Day Mar 17 2005
82 David Larkins, Nigeria deal a boost for Manitoba Hydro International, Winnipeg Sun, May 11 2013
83 Geoffrey York, Why Manitoba Hydro sticks it out in the hot spots, Globe and Mail, Feb 4 2008
84 Ibid
85 Promoting Development through Public & Private Partnerships, 3rd Annual Africa Public Private Partnership Conference & Showcase 1st-2nd December 2011, InterContinental Hotel Nairobi, Kenya (http://africappp.com/html/documents/amePPPApre3ndforwebV2.pdf)
86 Review of the AU/NEPAD African Action Plan (www.nepad.org/system/files/AAP%20Rev%20-%20Final%20Report.pdf)
87 Review of the AU/NEPAD African Action Plan
88 North America (http://www.cpcstrans.com/en/about-us/regions/north-america/)
89 Management Team (http://www.cpcstrans.com/en/about-us/management-team/)
90 Global Business Opportunities Bureau: ACEC – Annual General Meeting, June 24, 2010 St. Andrews-by-the-Sea, New Brunswick (http://www.acec.ca/assets/pdf/events/summit/2010/3-ACECPRESENTATION-JUNE2010PeterMacArthur.pdf)
91 Bruno Charbonneau and Wayne S. Cox, Locating global order: American Power and Canadian Security after 9/11, 245; Canada Fund for Africa: Summative Evaluation Executive Report
92 Minister Fast Visits CPCS Light Rail Project in Nigeria, Jan 29 2013 (http://www.international.gc.ca/media_commerce/release_photo_distribution/2013/01/29c.aspx?lang=en)
93 CPCS Principal Joe Jones meets with Canadian PM Stephen Harper at Francophonie Conference in Kinshasa, DRC (http://www.cpcstrans.com/en/news/news/cpcs-principal-joe-jones-meets-canadian-pm-stephen-harper-francophonie-conference-kinshasa-drc/)
94 Rolf Rosenkranz and Eliza Villarino, Christian Paradis to World Bank: Buy Canadian, Devex, Mar 2 2015 (https://www.devex.com/news/christian-paradis-to-world-bank-buy-canadian-85604)
95 Ibid
96 Minister Fantino promotes private sector partnerships at World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund spring meetings, Apr 19 2013 (http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/acdi-cida.nsf/eng/CAR-419165836-SLP)
97 Ibid
98 Ibid
99 Travis Lupick, Canada-Africa: The mines and the money, Africa Report, Nov 25 2013 (http://www.theafricareport.com/Southern-Africa/canada-africa-the-mines-and-the-money.html)
Chapter Twelve
1 Edward S. Herman and David Peterson, Enduring Lies: The Rwandan Genocide in the Propaganda System, 20 Years Later, 7
2 Mahmood Mamdani, From Conquest to Consent as the Basis of State Formation: Reflections on Rwanda, New Left Review, No. 216, Mar 1996
3 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_aggression)
4 Mahmood Mamdani, From Conquest to Consent as the Basis of State Formation: Reflections on Rwanda, New Left Review, No. 216, Mar 1996
5 Edward S. Herman and David Peterson, Peter Erlinder Jailed by One of the Major Genocidaires of Our Era, Mrzine (http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2010/hp290510.html)
6 Herman and Peterson, Enduring Lies, 28
7 Edward S. Herman and David Peterson, The Politics of Genocide, 58
8 Ibid
9 Ibid
10 Michael Barnett and Martha Finnemore, Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics, 137
11 Bruce D. Jones, Peacemaking in Rwanda: The Dynamics of Failure, 27
12 Howard Adelman and Astri Suhrke, The Path of a Genocide: The Rwanda Crisis from Uganda to Zaire, 189
13 Ibid, 191
14 Ibid, 192
15 Ibid, 195
16 Ibid
17 Robin Philpot, Rwanda and the New Scramble for Africa: From Tragedy to Useful Imperial Fiction , 97
18 Jacques-Roger Booh, Le patron de Dallaire parle: Révélations sur les dérives d’un général de l’ONU au Rwanda, 70
19 Ibid, 161
20 Ibid, 71/95
21 Charles Onana, Les secrets de la justice internationale: enquêtes truquées sur le génocide rwandais, 127
22 Romeo Dallaire, Shake Hands With the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda, 327
23 Ibid, 156
24 Ibid, 164
25 Canadian General Romeo Dallaire accused of bias, Hirondelle News Agency, Feb 27 2006
26 Herman and Peterson, Enduring Lies, 63
27 Scott Taylor, Tested mettle: Canada’s peacekeepers at war, 186
28 Ibid, 196; David Pugliese, Canada’s secret commandos: The unauthorized story of Joint Task Force Two, 213
29 Philpot, Rwanda and the New Scramble for Africa, 121
30 Herman and Peterson, Enduring Lies, 23
31 Ibid
32 Ibid
33 Carol Off, The Lion, the Fox and the Eagle, 357
34 Herman and Peterson, The Politics of Genocide, 59
35 Ibid
36 Herman and Peterson, Enduring Lies, 28
37 Ibid
38 Rwanda cuts relations with France, BBC, Nov 24 2006 (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6179436.stm)
39 Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, The Congo: From Leopold to Kabila: A People’s History, 179
40 Rwanda 1994: Colonialism dies hard, Chapter 15: Watch out for Africa! Closing in on the Congo (http://www.taylor-report.com/Rwanda_1994/index.php?id=ch15)
41 Ibid
42 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)
43 Filip Reyntjens, The great African war: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996-2006, 46
44 Ibid, 73
45 Ibid, 78
46 Yvan Conoir, Gérard Verna, L’Action humanitaire du Canada: histoire, concepts, politiques et pratiques, 293; Christiane Amanpour, Initial aid teams reach towns in eastern Zaire: Security problems delay full-scale relief, CNN, Nov 11, 1996 (http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/11/zaire/)
47 Barbara Crossette, Canada Proposes Zaire Air Force, New York Times, Nov 13 1996
48 Reyntjens, The great African war, 83
49 Ibid, 87
50 Zaïre: Plus question d’intervenir, Le Soleil, Dec 8, 1996
51 Patrick Mbeko, Le Canada dans les guerres en Afrique centrale: génocides et pillages des ressources minières du Congo par le Rwanda interposé, 253
52 Rwanda 1994: Colonialism dies hard, Chapter 15: Watch out for Africa! Closing in on the Congo (http://www.taylor-report.com/Rwanda_1994/index.php?id=ch15); Peacemaking in Rwanda, 27
53 Barbara Crossette, Canada Proposes Zaire Air Force, New York Times, Nov 13 1996
54 James C. McKinley, Jr., Zaire Rebel Approves Food Drop But Rejects Western Military Role, New York Times, Nov 29 1996
55 Allan Thompson, Baril treks to rebel held Zaire, Toronto Star, Nov 28 1996
56 Pugliese, Canada’s secret commandos, 64
57 Ibid, 65
58 Denis Morisset and Claude Coulombe, Nous étions invincibles, 158; Wayne Madsen, Genocide and Covert Operations in Africa: 1993-1999, 215
59 Robert Block, Zaire’s Rebels May Win, But Can They Govern?, Dow Jones News Service May 5 1997 (http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB862673567964044000); Francois Misser, Zaire: Kabila’s Desirable Deals, African Business, June 1997
60 Robert Gribbin, In the Aftermath of Genocide: The U.S. Role in Rwanda, 194/273
61 Dena Montague and Frida Berrigan, The Business of War in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Who Benefits? Dollars and Sense, July 2001
62 Steven Hiatt, A Game As Old As Empire: The Secret World of Economic Hit Men and the Web of Global Corruption, 99
63 Ibid
64 Robert Block, US Companies Seek Deals As African Conflicts Worsen, The Wall Street Journal, Oct 14 1997
65 Dena Montague and Frida Berrigan, The Business of War in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Who Benefits? Dollars and Sense, July 2001 (http://www.worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/news/dollarsandsense.html)
66 Alain Deneault, Delphine Abadie et William Sacher, Noir Canada: Pillage, corruption et criminalité en Afrique, 61
67 Nzongola-Ntalaja, The Congo, 181
68 Robert Block, As Zaire’s War Wages, Foreign Businesses Scramble for Inroads, Wall Street Journal, Apr 14 1997
69 Dena Montague and Frida Berrigan, The Business of War in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Who Benefits?, Dollars and Sense, July 2001
70 Madelaine Drohan, Tango in Congo, Canadian Geographic, Nov 2004
71 Delphine Abadie, Canada and the geopolitics of mining interests: a case study of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Review of African Political Economy, Vol 38, Issue 128, 2011
72 Ibid
73 Sean Silcoff, Out of Africa, Canadian Business, Sept 25 1998
74 Kate Dunn, The Loaded Continent: Africa’s Big Share of World Minerals’, Christian Science Monitor, Mar 25 1998
75 Madsen, Genocide and Covert Operations in Africa, 301
76 Nzongola-Ntalaja, The Congo, 179
77 Reyntjens, The great African war, 195
78 The Coltan Wars Pt. 1: Economics and the Seeds of Conflict (http://globalinvestmentwatch.com/the-coltan-wars-pt-1/)
79 Reyntjens, The great African war, 228
80 Hiatt, A Game As Old As Empire, 95
81 Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An ongoing crisis, report from International Rescue Committee, Jan 22 2008 (http://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/mortality-democratic-republic-congo-ongoing-crisis)
82 Glen Ford, A Second Wave of Genocide Looms in Congo, with Susan Rice on Point, Black Agenda Report, Nov 28 2012 (http://blackagendareport.com/content/second-wave-genocide-looms-congo-susan-rice-point)
83 Sweden suspends aid to Rwanda, Afrol News, Dec 18 2008 (http://www.afrol.com/articles/32047)
84 Geoffrey York, Inside the clash for Congo’s mineral wealth, The Globe and Mail, Nov 30 2012
85 David Smith, Rwandan minister is leader of Congo rebels, UN says, The Guardian, Oct 17 2012 (http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/17/rwanda-minister-leader-congo-rebels-kabarebe)
86 Canada Deeply Concerned by Grave Human Rights Violations in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, Sept 14 2012 (http://www.international.gc.ca/media/aff/news-communiques/2012/09/14c.aspx?lang=eng)
87 Canada Concerned by Violence in Democratic Republic of Congo, May 4 2012 (http://www.international.gc.ca/media/aff/news-communiques/2012/05/4a.aspx?lang=eng)
88 Mike De Souza, Harper ‘glad’ he promoted human rights in Congo, Canada.com, Oct 14 2012 (http://o.canada.com/news/national/stephen-harper-is-glad-he-promoted-human-rights-in-congo)
89 Canada Concerned by Post-Election Situation in Rwanda, Aug 12 2010 (http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?m=/index&nid=552959)
90 Ibid
91 Gwynne Dyer, The dilemma over Rwandan president Paul Kagame, Georgia Straight, Sept 2 2014 (http://www.straight.com/news/718641/gwynne-dyer-dilemma-over-rwandan-president-paul-kagame)
92 James Karuhanga, Canada donates vehicles to Rwanda’s peacekeeping mission, New Times, Feb 22 2010 (http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/Printer/2010-02-22/16931/); Edmund Kagire, Rwanda: Canada Backs Country’s Commonwealth Bid, New Times, Nov 24 2009 (http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2009-11-24/13856/)
93 Paul Kagame, le plus grand criminel vivant visitera le Canada, Mar 26 2006
(http://kitundu.blogspot.ca/2006/03/monde-paul-kagame-prsident-du-rwanda.html)
94 Joshua Errett, Toronto visit by Rwanda’s Paul Kagame divides expats Sep 28, 2013 CBC News
95 Sebastien Chartrand and John Philpot, Justice belied: The Unbalanced Scales of International Criminal Justice, 26
96 Rwanda jails opposition leader for ‘treason’, Aljazeera, Oct 30 2012 (http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/10/20121030231718261322.html)
97 Robin Philpot, Rwanda and the Scramble for Africa
98 Unnati Gandhi, Rwandan finds injustice in ‘land of hope’, The Globe and Mail Oct 9 2007
99 Ibid
100 Jean-Thomas Léveillé, En prison au Rwanda: Léon Mugesera craint pour sa vie, La Presse, Aug 18 2014
101 Luis Millán, Rwandan war criminal sentenced to life in prison, Law in Quebec.com, Nov 20 2009 (http://lawinquebec.com/rwandan-war-criminal-sentenced-to-life-in-prison/)
102 Munyaneza gets life in Rwandan war-crimes case, Oct 29 2009 (http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/munyaneza-gets-life-in-jail-for-rwandan-war-crimes-1.830579)
103 Peter Lee, China has a Congo copper headache, Asia Times, Mar 11 2010 (http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/LC11Cb02.html)
104 Canada - Democratic Republic of Congo Relations (http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/congo/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_drc-rdc.aspx?menu_id=7&lang=eng)
105 William Wallis, Canada to press Congo mining dispute at G20 meeting, Financial Times Jun 25 2010 (http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2010/06/25/canada-to-press-congo-mining-dispute-at-g20-meeting/)
106 G8 Muskoka Declaration Recovery and New Beginnings, Muskoka, Canada, June 26 2010 (http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2010/06/26/g8-muskoka-declaration-recovery-and-new-beginnings#sthash.EeoOKkEt.dpuf)
107 Peter Koven, G8 leaders scold Congo on governance, National Post, Jun 27 2010
108 Ibid
109 John Ivison, Harper to take up Quantum case at G20, National Post, Jun 21 2010
110 Joe Bavier and Anna Willard, Canada ready to finance DR Congo despite hitch Nov 25 2009 (http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/25/ozatp-congo-democratic-debt-idAFJOE5AO00220091125)
111 Joe Bavier and Anna Willard, DR Congo says Canada mining hitch holds up debt deal, Nov 24 2009 (http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/24/congo-democratic-debt-idUSGEE5AN2Q020091124)
112 Matthew McClearn, How First Quantum settled with ENRC for compensation, Canadian Business, June 5 2012 (http://www.canadianbusiness.com/business-strategy/how-first-quantum-settled-with-enrc-for-compensation-over-congolese-mine/)
113 Peter Koven, B.C. firm shafted in the Congo?, National Post, 18 June 2010
114 Delphine Abadie, Canada and the geopolitics of mining interests: a case study of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Review of African Political Economy, Vol 38, Issue 128, 2011
115 Macho Philipovich, Why is Canada Blocking Congo Debt Forgiveness?, Dominion Paper, Aug 11 2010 (http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/3573)
116 Jooneed Khan, “Looters’ War” in the Congo: UN report exposes role of Canadian mining companies, Nov 3 2008 (http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/2198)
117 Montréal Mirror June 22 2006
118 Ibid; Hiatt, A Game As Old As Empire, 168
119 Keith Harmon Snow, Pentagon Produces Satellite Photos of 1994 Rwanda Genocide, Apr 6 2012 (http://www.consciousbeingalliance.com/2012/04/pentagon-reveals-satelitte-photos-of-1994-rwanda-genocide)
120 Sean Silcoff, Out of Africa, Canadian Business, Sept 25 1998
121 Dominic Johnson and Aloys Tegera, Digging Deeper: How the DR Congo’s mining policy is failing the country, Pole Institute
Chapter Thirteen
1 Sherene Razack, Dark Threats and White Knights: The Somalia Affair, Peacekeeping, and the New Imperialism, 77
2 Ibid, 78
3 Ibid, 4
4 Ibid, 97
5 Ibid, 115
6 Ibid, 4
7 Ibid
8 Ibid, 93
9 Ibid, 136
10 Jim Naureckas and Janine Jackson, The FAIR reader: an Extra! review of press and politics in the ‘90s, 172
11 James P. Winter, Democracy’s oxygen: how corporations control the news, 132
12 Mark Fineman, The Oil Factor in Somalia Los Angeles Times, Jan 18 1993 (http://articles.latimes.com/1993-01-18/news/mn-1337_1_oil-reserves)
13 David Pugliese, Canadian colonel tainted by Somalia scandal promoted, Ottawa Citizen July 25 2008 (http://www.canada.com/topics/news/story.html?id=e3e70b8a-838d-4940-817d-2b768a27ef6d)
14 Ibid
15 Ibid
16 Rob Prince, WikiLeaks Reveals U.S. Twisted Ethiopia’s Arm to Invade Somalia, Foreign Policy In Focus, Dec 8 2010 (http://fpif.org/wikileaks_reveals_us_twisted_ethiopias_arm_to_invade_somalia/)
17 Ibid
18 Xan Rice and Suzanne Goldenberg, How US forged an alliance with Ethiopia over invasion, Guardian, Jan 13 2007 (http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jan/13/alqaida.usa)
19 Ibid
20 Ibid
21 Sean D. Naylor, The Secret War: Tense ties plagued Africa ops, Army Times, Nov 28 2011 (Http://www.armytimes.com/article/20111128/NEWS/111280320/The-Secret-War-Tense-ties-plagued-Africa-ops)
22Jeremy Scahill, Dirty Wars: The World Is a Battlefield, 224
23 Ibid
24 Ibid, 220
25 Patrick Lennox, Taking the Lead in the Arabian Sea: Canada Commands Combined Task Force 150 Mar 2009 (http://www.frontline-defence.com/downloads/CTF150_Lennox.pdf)
26 Stewart Bell, Ottawa eyes Somali unrest: Day ‘concerned’: Fears Somalia will become terror hotbed, National Post, Oct 26 2006
27 Isabel Macdonald, Protesters Denounce Illegal Occupation of Somalia, Dominion Paper, Jan 21 2007 (http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/950)
28 Resolution 1744 (2007) Security Council, February 20 2007 (http://amisom-au.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Resolution%201744%20%282007%29.pdf)
29 Barbara Among, MPs Expected to OK Troops for Somalia, The East African, Feb 13 2007 (http://allafrica.com/stories/200702130599.html)
30 Canada welcomes the United Nations Security Council Action on Somalia, Feb 22 2007 (http://news.gc.ca/web/article-en.do?crtr.sj1D=&mthd=advSrch&crtr.mnthndVl=2&nid=278309&crtr.dpt1D=&crtr.tp1D=&crtr.lc1D=&crtr.yrStrtVl=2007&crtr.kw=&crtr.dyStrtVl=22&crtr.aud1D=&crtr.mnthStrtVl=2&crtr.yrndVl=2007&crtr.dyndVl=22)
31 Somali Government Officials on a two days official visit to Ottawa, Canada, Hiiraan Online, Apr 3 2009 (http://www.hiiraan.com/news2/2009/apr/somali_government_officials_on_a_two_days_official_visit_to_ottawa_canada.aspx)
32 A Shift in Focus: Putting the interests of Somali people first, Oxfam, Feb 22 2012 (https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/shift-focus)
33 Daniel Berhane, Meles Zenawi asked US for Intel, Horn Affairs, Nov 4 2011 (http://hornaffairs.com/en/2011/11/04/meles-zenawi-asked-us-for-intel-ethiopias-somalia-intervention-2006/)
34 Hailemariam confers with world leaders at G20, Ethiopia Reporter, Sept 7 2013 (http://www.thereporterethiopia.com/index.php/news-headlines/item/953-hailemariam-confers-with-world-leaders-at-g20)
35 Ethiopia: Canada is the third Top Development Partners of Ethiopia, Geeska Afrika (http://www.geeskaafrika.com/ethiopia-canada-is-the-third-top-development-partners-of-ethiopia/4053/#sthash.uUtGjeAi.8l0N8Wqh.dpuf)
36 Canada urged to stop Ethiopia from evicting villagers, The Canadian Press, Jan 17 2012 (http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/canada-urged-to-stop-ethiopia-from-evicting-villagers-1.1263593)
37 Debra Black, Canada’s aid to Ethiopia bankrolling repression, says jailed Canadian’s lawyer, Toronto Star, Dec 18 2011
38 Murray Brewster, Canada provides ‘direct and indirect’ support in fight against al-Shabab, The Canadian Press, Sept 23 2013 (http://globalnews.ca/news/859226/canada-provides-direct-and-indirect-support-in-fight-against-al-shabab/)
39 Geoffrey York, Human Rights Watch accuses Western backed African Union troops of sexual assault, Globe and Mail, Sep 8 2014
40 Fact Sheet: U.S. Support for Peacekeeping in Africa,” White House, Aug 6 2014 (http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/08/06/fact-sheet-us-support-peacekeeping-africa)
41 John Glaser, US-Backed Ugandan Military Deploys Air Force Over Somalia, Antiwar.com, Aug 8 2012 (http://news.antiwar.com/2012/08/08/us-backed-ugandan-military-deploys-air-force-over-somalia/)
42 Nick Turse, The Changing Face of Empire: Special Ops, Drones, Spies, Proxy Fighters, Secret Bases, and Cyberwarfare, 72
43 Ibid, 73
44 Ibid, 72
45 Phil Stewart, U.S. discloses secret Somalia military presence, up to 120 troops Jul 2 2014 (http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/03/us-usa-somalia-idUSKBN0F72A820140703)
46 Jonathan Masters and Mohammed Aly Sergie, Al-Shabab, Council on Foreign Relations, Mar 13 2015 (http://www.cfr.org/somalia/al-shabab/p18650)
47 Carl Meyer, Canadian special forces were in Kenya before attack, Embassy Mag, Apr 30 2014
48 Firouz Sedarat, Jazeera airs video of kidnapped Canadian, Australian, Sep 16 2008 (http://ca.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idCAHO67921020080916)
49 Patrick Lennox, Canada’s presence in the ‘arc of instability’, Diplomat Online, Nov 2008 (http://diplomatonline.com/pdf_files/Diplomatnov08.pdf)
50 Why defeat of al-Shabaab could mean an oil bonanza for western firms in Somalia, Observer, Feb 26 2012
51 Rumors Abound from the Puntland, July 29 2008 (http://www.petroleumafrica.com/rumors-abound-from-the-puntland/)
52 Somalia accuses Norwegian oil explorer DNO of destabilising country, Reuters, Sep 3 2014 (http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/03/somalia-oil-idUSL5N0R44HV20140903)
53 Michelle Nichols and Louis Charbonneau, Western oil exploration in Somalia may spark conflict - U.N. report, Reuters, July 17 (http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/17/us-somalia-oil-un-idUSBRE96G06R20130717)
54 Garowe: The outbreak of the Oil & Mineral Gangs and foreign Mercenaries in the Federal State of Puntland, Jan 6 2012 (http://www.galgalanews.com/2012/01/06/garowe-the-outbreak-of-the-oil-mineral-gangs-and-foreign-mercenaries-in-the-federal-state-of-puntland-somalia/)
55 Vancouver-based Africa Oil defies Al-Qaeda in billion-barrel Somali well drill, Mar 5 2012 (http://www.hiiraan.ca/news4/2012/Mar/23079/vancouver_based_africa_oil_defies_al_qaeda_in_billion_barrel_somali_well_drill.aspx)
56 Oil firms recruit private militia for Puntland exploration, Somaliland Times, Issue 331 (http://somalilandtimes.net/sl/2008/331/2.shtml)
57 Canada Oil Firm in Puntland Hires Foreign Guards, Garowe Online, Oct 28 2008 (http://allafrica.com/stories/200810290022.html)
58 Leaked Monitoring group’s report sheds light on widespread corruption by senior TFG officials, Hiiraan Online, July 14 2012 (http://www.hiiraan.ca/news4/2012/July/24984/leaked_monitoring_group_s_report_sheds_light_on_widespread_corruptionon_by_senior_tfg_officials.aspx)
59 Somalia: Oil Exploration Triggers Deadly Clan Battle in Puntland, Mar 6 http://www.wardheernews.com/News_09/March/07_battle_puntland.html)
60 Derek Brower, Oil and troubled waters, Prospect Magazine, Jan 2009 (http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/features/oilandtroubledwaters)
61 Real wildcatters go to Ethiopia to hunt for oil, Oct 25 2013 (http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2013/10/25/Real-wildcatters-go-to-Ethiopia-to-hunt-for-oil/UPI-35291382718509/#ixzz3FoIJTKCB)
62 Ethiopian rebels warn Canadian firm against oil search, Canadian Press, Feb 18 2013 (http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ethiopian-rebels-warn-canadian-firm-against-oil-search-1.1355136)
63 John Daly, Africa’s Next Oil Frontier – Ethiopia?, Oil Price, Feb 26 2014 (http://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/Africas-Next-Oil-Frontier-Ethiopia.html)
64 Ed McKenna, Humanitarian Crisis’ for Ogaden Living Near Ethiopia’s Oil Fields, IPS, Feb 23 2014 (http://www.ipsnews.net/2014/02/humanitarian-crisis-ogaden-living-near-ethiopias-oil-fields/)
65 Gabriel Stein, Africa Oil and the banks: Hold or sell? (http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=5301759)
66 Ahmed Abdi, How Foreign Oil Companies annihilated the lives of ordinary African population in Ogaden Region, Jan 26 2014 (http://www.6kilo.com/how-foreign-oil-companies-annihilated-the-lives-of-ordinary-african-population-in-ogaden-region/); Mohamud Ahmed, Africa Oil Bleeding Ethiopia, African Executive (http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/article_print.php?article=5402)
67 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan%E2%80%93United_States_relations)
68 David S. Cloud, Colleagues Say C.I.A. Analyst Played by Rules, New York Times, Apr 23 2006
69 Noam Chomsky, 9-11: Was There an Alternative?, 77–80
70 Gamal Nkrumah, Sudan at the crossroads, Al-Ahram Weekly Jan 17 2002, Issue No 569 (http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/569/re2.htm)
71 Rhetoric ratcheting: Sudan denies involvement; Republicans back Clinton; Axworthy warns of fallout to Canada, The Windsor Star 25, Aug 1998
72 Canada at a Glance-AM Segment, Aug 24 1998 Resource News International
73 Sudan complained to air authority over US violation of air space, Agence France-Presse, Oct 4 1998
74 Human Security in Sudan: The Report of a Canadian Assessment Mission: Prepared for the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Jan 2000
75 Madelaine Drohan, Making a Killing: How and Why Corporations Use Armed Force to Do Business, 268
76 Isfahan Merali and Valerie Oosterveld, Giving Meaning to Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, 90
77 Drohan, Making A Killing, 262
78 Drohan, Making A Killing, 264
79 Ibid, 248
80 Ibid, 270
81 Christopher S. Raj, Abdul Nafey, Canada’s global engagements and relations with India, 82
82 Drohan, Making A Killing, 272
83 Ibid, 288
84 Montréal Gazette June 12 2007
85 Canada supporting peacekeeping in Darfur: past, present, future (http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/sudan_south_sudan-soudan_soudan_du_sud/assets/pdfs/supporting.pdf)
86 Grant Dawson, Player, partner and friend: Canada’s Africa policy since 1945, International Politics 50, 2013
87 Canada, Sudan, and the stench of hypocrisy, Creekside, Mar 5 2009 (http://creekside1.blogspot.ca/2009/03/canada-sudan-and-stench-of-hypocrisy.html)
88 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abousfian_Abdelrazik)
89 Paul Koring, Canada feared U.S. backlash over man trapped in Sudan, Globe and Mail, July 24 2008
Chapter Fourteen
1 David Pugliese, Canada Delivers Spec Ops Training to More Allies, May 19 2014 (http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20140519/DEFREG02/305190023/Canada-Delivers-Spec-Ops-Training-More-Allies ); Carl Meyer, Canadian special forces were in Kenya before attack, Embassy Mag, Apr 30 2014
2 Ray Spiteri, Sharing his military passion, QMI Agency Feb 9 2012 (http://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/2012/02/09/sharing-his-military-passion)
3 Tactical Operations Staff Course 20 Sep – 08 Oct 10 Kenya; Catherine Sasman, Canada Runs Military Observer Training
4 After some 25 years of dedicated and loyal service, Major Cary Arthur Baker (http://www.cmea-agmc.ca/sites/default/files/retirements//09.12.Baker_e.pdf)
5 Peter Langille, Canada in Peacekeeping and Peacekeeping Training in Africa, AISA Policy Brief, No 16
6 International Military Training and Policy (http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/training-international-policy/index.page)
7 Christopher R. Kilford, The Other Cold War: Canada’s Military Assistance to the Developing World 1945-1975, 219
8 Address by Parliamentary Secretary Obhrai at the Global Counterterrorism Forum, Sept 27 2013, New York City (http://www.international.gc.ca/media/aff/speeches-discours/2013/09/27d.aspx?lang=eng)
9 David Pugliese, Canada Delivers Spec Ops Training to More Allies, May 19 2014 (http://archive.defensenews.com/article/20140519/DEFREG02/305190023/Canada-Delivers-Spec-Ops-Training-More-Allies)
10 Global Counter Terrorism Forum (http://www.international.gc.ca/crime/forum.aspx?lang=eng)
11 Global Counterterrorism Forum, US State Department (http://www.state.gov/j/ct/gctf/)
12 Sean Chase, 427, CSOR heading to Africa Pembroke, Daily Observer, Jan 22 2013
(http://www.thedailyobserver.ca/2013/01/22/427-csor-heading-to-africa)
13 Eliza Griswold, Can General Linder’s Special Operations Forces Stop the Next Terrorist Threat?, New York Times Magazine, June 15 2014
14 Allan Woods, Canadian commandos focus on foreign forces, Toronto Star, Dec 9 2011
15 Scott Nielsen, African-led Exercise Flintlock Kicks off in Niger, U.S. AFRICOM Public Affairs, Feb 24 2014
16 David Pugliese, Uprising in Mali postpones Canadian military training mission, The Ottawa Citizen, Feb 28 2012
17 Steven Chase, Canada moves in to Nigeria to aid in search for kidnapped girls, The Globe and Mail May 13 2014; David Pugliese, Canada’s secret soldiers: Special Forces’ work takes place under the radar, Ottawa Citizen, Dec 30 2014
18 Michael Skinner, Canada’s Ongoing Involvement in Dirty Wars Like the U.S., Canada is “outsourcing” warfare in Afghanistan, July 1 2013 (https://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/monitor/canadas-ongoing-involvement-dirty-wars#sthash.F9EmMDiG.dpuf)
19 Canadian special forces offering protection in Mali; but there will be “no mission”, The Canadian Press, Jan 28 2013 (http://www.macleans.ca/general/canadian-special-forces-offering-protection-in-mali-but-there-will-be-no-mission/)
20 Gadhafi stashed more than $2 billion in Canada, CTV, Feb 28 2011 (http://www.ctvnews.ca/gadhafi-stashed-more-than-2-billion-in-canada-1.613147)
21 Security Council Approves ‘No-Fly Zone’ over Libya, Authorizing ‘All Necessary Measures’ to Protect Civilians, by Vote of 10 in Favour with 5 Abstentions, SC/10200, Mar 17 2011 (http://www.un.org/press/en/2011/sc10200.doc.htm)
22 Colin Freeze, Silent killers: Secrecy, security and JTF2, The Globe and Mail, Dec 7 2010
23 David Pugliese, Shadow wars: Special Forces in the New Battle Against Terrorism, 174
24 David Pugliese, Canada’s secret commandos: The unauthorized story of Joint Task Force Two, 81
25 Pugliese, Canada’s secret commandos, 80
26 Ibid, 63-64
27 Denis Morisset and Claude Coulombe, Nous étions invincibles, 158; Wayne Madsen, Genocide and Covert Operations in Africa: 1993-1999, 215
28 Pugliese, Canada’s secret commandos, 100
29 David Pugliese, JTF2 to stay in Ottawa for at least another five years, Ottawa Citizen, June 6 2014
30 Canada’s Military JTF2: Canada’s super-secret commandos, CBC, July 15 2005 (Http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/cdnmilitary/jtf2.html)
31 David Pugliese, Shadow Wars: Special Forces in the New Battle Against Terrorism, 175
32 Standing NATO Maritime Group 1 under Canadian command (http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/news/article.page?doc=standing-nato-maritime-group-1-under-canadian-command/hnocfof9)
33 Tatah Mentan, The New World Order Ideology and Africa, 192
34 Tony Seed, Canada sends warship to Africa, part of NATO Rapid Response Fleet, Aug 1 2007 (https://tonyseed.wordpress.com/2007/08/01/canada-sends-warship-to-africa-as-part-of-nato-rapid-response-fleet/)
35 Ibid
36 We’ll hear about a Canadian frigate on a voyage around Africa, CBC Radio - World Report, Sept 3 2007
37 Claude Lévesque, La marine canadienne a affronté des pirates au large de l’Afrique, Le Devoir, Jan 24 2008
38 Jeff Davis, Modern Pirates are High Tech and Dangerous, Embassy, Feb 6 2008 (http://www.maritimeterrorism.com/2008/02/06/modern-pirates-are-high-tech-and-dangerous/)
39 Angus Topshee, Circumnavigating Africa: A Sign of Things to Come?, Frontline Defence No 3, May 2008 (http://www.frontline-defence.com/index_archives.php?page=1611)
40 Jeff Davis, Modern Pirates are High Tech and Dangerous, Embassy, Feb 6, 2008
41 HMCS Toronto will be part of a mission of firsts, The Daily News (Halifax) - 21/07/2007
42 John Lewandowski, Canadian frigate leaves Halifax for Libyan coast on humanitarian mission, The Canadian Press, Mar 2 2011 (http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2011/03/02/canadian_frigate_leaves_halifax_for_libyan_coast_on_humanitarian_mission.html)
43 Kris Sims, NATO air strikes pound key Tripoli port, May 19, 2011 (http://www.nugget.ca/2011/05/19/nato-air-strikes-pound-key-tripoli-port-7)
44 Aly Thomson, HMCS Charlottetown departs for Mediterranean counter-terrorism mission, The Canadian Press, Jan 8 2012 (http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/hmcs-charlottetown-departs-for-mediterranean-counter-terrorism-mission/article4085638/)
45 Kathleen Harris, Canada’s sailors set for more conflict zone, Arctic missions than time on high seas, Oct 26 2011 (http://ipolitics.ca/2011/10/26/canadas-sailors-set-for-more-conflict-zone-arctic-missions-than-time-on-high-seas-rcn-commander/)
46 David Pugliese, The Libya Mission One Year Later: The rules of engagement, Ottawa Citizen Feb 19 2012
47 Ibid
48 HMCS Toronto intercepts heroin haul off African coast, The Canadian Press, Jan 19 2014 (http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/hmcs-toronto-intercepts-heroin-haul-off-african-coast-1.2502775); HMCS Toronto seizes heroin in drug bust near Kenya, The Chronicle Herald, Dec 20 2013 (http://thechronicleherald.ca/novascotia/1175258-hmcs-toronto-seizes-heroin-in-drug-bust-near-kenya)
49 David Pugliese, Canadian military personnel take part in U.S. sponsored exercise to counter sea-based illicit activities, Ottawa Citizen, Feb 4 2015
50 Allan Woods, Canada’s military hunting for seven new foreign bases, Toronto Star, June 5 2012
51 Lee Berthiaume, Canadian military building network of international outposts in push for more overseas missions, Postmedia, July 19 2012
52 Allan Woods, Canada’s military hunting for seven new foreign bases, Toronto Star, June 5 2012
53 Nick Turse, AFRICOM’s Gigantic “Small Footprint”, Tom Dispatch, Sept 5 2013 (http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175743/tomgram%3A_nick_turse,_africom%27s_gigantic_%22small_footprint%22)
54 Nick Turse, AFRICOM Becomes a “War-Fighting Combatant Command”, Tom Dispatch, Apr 13 2014
(http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175830/tomgram%3A_nick_turse,_africom_becomes_a_%22war-fighting_combatant_command%22/)
55 Nick Turse, The US Military Has Been ‘At War’ in Africa on the Sly For Years, The Nation, Apr 14 2014 (http://www.thenation.com/article/us-military-has-been-war-africa-sly-years/)
56 Pádraig Carmody: Africa’s natural resources, climate change and security, July 2009 (http://www.exploringgeopolitics.org/interview_carmody_padraig_africa_security_natural_resources_climate_change_conflicts_geoeconomic_competition_africom_united_states_china/)
57 Jeffrey N. Krulick, Airlift in Africa: Building Operational Logistics Capability for the African Standby Force USAF (www.alu.army.mil/alog/pdf/janfeb2013/airlift_africa.pdf)
58 Ibid
59 Evaluation of the Global Peace and Security Fund, Feb 2011 (http://www.international.gc.ca/department-ministere/evaluation/2011/gpsf_fpsm11.aspx?lang=eng)
60 Delivering results: Canada Fund for Africa, Canadian International Development Agency, 2006, 11
61 Tim Murithi, Handbook of Africa’s international relations, 157
62 Hany Besada, Crafting an African security architecture: Addressing Regional Peace and Conflict in the 21st Century, xxiii
63 Joint Africa/G8 Plan to Enhance African Capabilities to Undertake Peace Support Operations (en.g8russia.ru/load/983157457)
64 Besada, Crafting an African security architecture, 186
65 Peter Langille, Canada in Peacekeeping and Peacekeeping Training in Africa, AISA Policy Brief, No 16
66 Canada Fund for Africa: Summative Evaluation Executive Report, Sep 8 2014 (http://www.international.gc.ca/department-ministere/evaluation/2011/dev-aeer-aer11.aspx?lang=eng)
67 The African Union training exercise for police and civilian personnel of the African Standby Force kicks off in Addis Ababa, Oct 31 2012 (http://www.peaceau.org/en/article/the-african-union-training-exercise-for-police-and-civilian-personnel-of-the-african-standby-force-kicks-off-in-addis-ababa)
68 Shejal Pulivarti, International Partners Inaugurate Amani Peace Operations Training Village, Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa, Aug 20 2012 (http://www.africom.mil/newsroom/article/9119/international-partners-inaugurate-amani-peace-oper)
69 Shejal Pulivarti, International Partners Inaugurate Amani Peace Operations Training Village, Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa, Aug 20 2012 (http://www.hoa.africom.mil/story/7675/international-partners-inaugurate-amani-peace-operations-training-village)
70 Besada, Crafting an African security architecture, 183
71 Canada Supplies Darfur Peacekeepers with Equipment, No 297, Oct 7 2009 (http://www.international.gc.ca/media/aff/news-communiques/2009/297.aspx?lang=eng); (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan)
72 Geoffrey York, Human Rights Watch accuses Western backed African Union troops of sexual assault, Globe and Mail, Sep 8 2014
73 Murithi, Handbook of Africa’s international relations, 58/158
74 Marco Wyss and Thierry Tardy, Peacekeeping in Africa: the evolving security architecture, 79
75 Courtney Kube, US Deploys Small Military Team to Somalia, NBC News.com, Jan 10 2014 (http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2014/01/10/22258125-us-deploys-small-military-team-to-somalia?lite)
76 General Carter Ham, United States Africa Command 2012 Posture Statement, Feb 2012 (http://www.africom.mil/newsroom/article/8832/2012-posture-statement-statement-of-general-carter)
77 Vince Crawley, In First-Ever Communications Test, AFRICOM Assists African Union Peace Ops Center, U.S. AFRICOM Public Affairs, Aug 23 2010 (http://www.africom.mil/newsroom/article/7652/in-first-ever-communications-test-africom-assists-)
78 Murithi, Handbook of Africa’s international relations, 350
79 Vince Crawley, AFRICOM assists African Union Peace Ops Center in first-ever communications test, Aug 28 2010 (http://www.army.mil/article/44437/AFRICOM_assists_African_Union_Peace_Ops_Center_in_first_ever_communications_test/)
80 Murithi, Handbook of Africa’s international relations, 350
81 NATO assistance to the African Union, Oct 27 2010 (http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_8191.htm?selectedLocale=uk)
82 Benedikt Franke, A Pan-African army: The evolution of an idea and its eventual realisation in the African Standby Force, African Security Review, Vol 15 No 4
83 Simon Allison, Standing by to standby: The African peacekeeping force with more problems than solutions, Daily Maverick, Aug 14 2012 (http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2012-08-14-standing-by-to-standby-the-african-peacekeeping-force-with-more-problems-than-solutions#.Va35lbVPoZM)
84 Jeffrey N. Krulick, Airlift in Africa: Building Operational Logistics Capability for the African Standby Force (http://www.almc.army.mil/alog/issues/JanFeb13/Airlift_in_Africa.html#.Va36ErVPoZM)
85 Max Forte, Slouching Towards Sirte: NATO’s War on Libya and Africa, 194
86 Rick Rozoff, Africa: U.S. and NATO Build Neo-Colonial Proxy Forces, July 1 2012 (https://rickrozoff.wordpress.com/2012/07/01/africa-u-s-and-nato-build-neo-colonial-proxy-forces/)
87 Olaf Bachmann, The African Standby Force External Support to an ‘African Solution to African Problems’?, IDS Research Report 67, Apr 2011 (http://www.ids.ac.uk/idspublication/the-african-standby-force-external-support-to-an-african-solution-to-african-problems)
88 Learning How to Keep the Peace, Embassy, Apr 23 2008 (http://www.embassynews.ca/talking-points/2008/04/23/learning-how-to-keep-the-peace/35588); AU POLCIVEX, Exercise NJIWA Official Opening, AU HQ, Remarks from the Embassy of Canada Oct 31 2012 (www.peaceau.org/.../au-polcivex-njiwa-31-oct-2012-canada-speech.pdf)
89 Phillip Apuuli Kasaija, The African Union (AU), the Libya Crisis and the notion of ‘African solutions to African problems’, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, Vol 31, Issue 1, 2013
90 Horace Campbell, Global NATO and the catastrophic failure in Libya: Lessons for Africa in the Forging of African Unity, 20
91 Ibid, 135
92 The African Union and the Libyan Crisis: Putting the Records Straight, Nov 17 2011 (http://www.nepad.org/economicandcorporategovernance/knowledge/doc/2573/african-union-and-libyan-crisis-putting-records-st)
93 Extraordinary AU summit to be convened in May, Xinhua, May 21 2011 (https://laaska.wordpress.com/2011/05/21/extraordinary-au-summit-to-be-convened-in-may/)
94 Campbell, Global NATO and the catastrophic failure in Libya, 136
95 Scott Baldauf, How AU’s boycott of London Libya meeting may hurt Africa’s interests, Christian Science Monitor, Mar 29 2011 (http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2011/0329/How-AU-s-boycott-of-London-Libya-meeting-may-hurt-Africa-s-interests)
96 Phillip Apuuli Kasaija, The African Union (AU), the Libya Crisis and the notion of ‘African solutions to African problems’, Journal of Contemporary African Studies Vol 31, Issue 1, 2013
97 Forte, Slouching Towards Sirte, 277
98 Jeffrey N. Krulick, Airlift in Africa: Building Operational Logistics Capability for the African Standby Force USAF (www.alu.army.mil/alog/pdf/janfeb2013/airlift_africa.pdf); Forte, Slouching Towards Sirte, 198
99 Dan Glazebrook, Libya’s lesson for Iran: Beware of rapprochement, Nov 10 2014 (http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/libya-s-lesson-iran-beware-rapprochement-870650788)
100 Forte, Slouching Towards Sirte, 139
101 David Antonyshyn, Jan Grofe and Don Hubert, Beyond the Law? The Regulation of Canadian Private Military and Security Companies Operating Abroad, PRIV-WAR Report, Canada National Reports Series Mar 2009 (http://psm.du.edu/media/documents/reports_and_stats/think_tanks/privwar_national-report_antonyshyn.pdf)
102 Ibid
103 Nelson Bennett, Benefiting from risky business abroad, Business in Vancouver Nov 18 2014 (www.biv.com/article/2014/11/benefiting-risky-business-abroad/ Nov 18, 2014)
104 Jonathon Gatehouse, This cabbie hunts pirates: Former Toronto taxi driver is now in charge of a Somali coast guard, Jan 12 2009 (http://www.macleans.ca/news/world/this-cabbie-hunts-pirates/)
105 Ibid
106 Ibid
107 James R. Davis, Fortune’s Warriors: Private Armies and the New World Order, 31
108 Ibid, 137
109 Marina Jimenez, Canadians seek fortune in land of anarchy, violence Ex-soldiers go unarmed, National Post, Aug 23 1999
110 Ibid
111 Ibid
112 David Pugliese, Elite troops get more pay to stay, Ottawa Citizen Aug 26 2006
113 Security services in Nigeria (http://www.garda-world.com/locations/info/nigeria)
114 Matthew McClearn, Why is Montreal’s GardaWorld on the outs in both Afghanistan and Iraq?, Mar 17 2014 (http://www.canadianbusiness.com/companies-and-industries/the-enemy-unseen-6/)
115 Private military and security companies in Somalia need regulation, says UN expert Group, Dec 18 2012 (http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12898&LangID=E#sthash.kBcpJZ2X.dpuf)
116 Why GardaWorld in Libya? (http://www.garda-world.com/locations/info/libya)
117 Sarah A. Topol, As Libya War Winds Down, Security Consultants Tout Iraq, Afghan Experience, Bloomberg, Sept 21 2011 (http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/magazine/as-war-winds-down-in-libya-enter-the-consultants-09212011.html)
118 Hin-Yan Liu, Mercenaries in Libya: Ramifications of the Treatment of ‘Armed Mercenary Personnel’ under the Arms Embargo for Private Military Company Contractors, Journal of Conflict & Security Law, Vol 16, No 2, 2011
119 Canadian drone helped rebels in Libya, AFP, Aug 24 2011 (http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Canadian_drone_helped_rebels_in_Libya_999.html)
120 Why GardaWorld in Libya? (www.garda-world.com/assets/media-centre/GW_Libya_A4_spread.pdf)
121 Garda’s double whammy in Libya, Intelligence Online, Feb 19 2014
122 Argus and Garda face off, Intelligence Online, Issue No 714 June 18 2014
123 Morning Joe sits down with Fred Burton and Samuel M. Katz, authors of “Under Fire”, Apr 9 2013 (http://www.msnbc.com/morning-joe/morning-joe-sits-down-fred-burton-and)
Chapter Fifteen
1 Patricia Adams and Brady Yauch, How Canada encourages corrupt companies, Financial Post, Nov 4 2013 (http://business.financialpost.com/fp-comment/how-canada-encourages-corrupt-companies).
2 Strengthening Canada’s Fight Against Foreign Bribery, Feb 5 2013 (http://www.international.gc.ca/media/aff/news-communiques/2013/02/05b.aspx?lang=eng)
3 Brett House and David Landry, As world moves to weed out graft, Canada remains a laggard, The Globe and Mail Dec 9 2013
4 Ibid
5 Ibid
6 Massacre in Zaire; Canada should reassess aid, The Ottawa Citizen, June 28 1990
7 Rachel Louise Ensign and Christopher M. Matthews, Barrick Gold Unit is Accused of Bribery in Africa, Wall Street Journal, June 18 2014
8 New report slams Buzwagi contract, Thisday, Mar 12 2008 (http://www.protestbarrick.net/article.php?id=272)
9 Ibid
10 Ibid
11 Nevers Mumba in $122,000 scandal, Daily Mail, Dec 21 2011 (http://www.zambianwatchdog.com/daily-mail-nevers-mumba-in-122000-scandal/)
12 Matthew Hill, Zambian Opposition Leader to Review Mining Tax If He Wins, Bloomberg, Jan 4 2015 (http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-04/zambia-opposition-leader-to-review-mine-tax-if-he-wins-vote)
13 Alain Deneault avec Delphine Abadie et William Sacher, Noir Canada: pillage, corruption et criminalité en Afrique, 207
14 Lori Pottinger, “Scandal in Lesotho: Caught Wet-Handed”, Southern Africa Report SAR, Vol 15 No 2, Feb 2000 (http://www.africafiles.org/article.asp?ID=3662)
15 Deneault, Noir Canada, 207
16 Alain Deneault et William Sacher, Paradis sous terre: Comment le Canada est devenu la plaque tournante de l’industrie minière mondiale, 122
17 Eric Reguly, Off the map in Africa, Globe and Mail, Jan 11 2008
18 Christopher Helman, Trouble Is My Business, Forbes, Sept 28 2007 (http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2007/1015/099.html)
19 Timothy Sawa and Lynne Chichakian, South Africa’s corruption watchdog probes Bombardier rail deal, CBC News, Apr 1 2015 (http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/south-africa-s-corruption-watchdog-probes-bombardier-rail-deal-1.3017026)
20 Ibid
21 Ibid
22 Security Council Distr.: General 16 October 2002 Letter dated 15 October 2002 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council (http://www.pcr.uu.se/digitalAssets/96/96819_congo_20021031.pdf)
23 Kinross Gold and Katanga Mining: Part of the Pillage of the Democratic Republic of Congo?, Apr 8 2006 (http://www.miningwatch.ca/fr/node/4548)
24 Toby A.A. Heaps, The heart of darkness, Corporate Knights, Issue 15, 2006 (http://www.africafiles.org/printableversion.asp?id=12399)
25 Dave Seglins, SNC-Lavalin International used secret code for ‘bribery’, CBC News, May 15 2013 (http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/snc-lavalin-international-used-secret-code-for-bribery-payments-1.1386670)
26 Graeme Hamilton, RCMP charges SNC-Lavalin with fraud and corruption linked to Libyan projects, Financial Post, Feb 19 2015
27 Ibid
28 Graeme Hamilton, SNC-Lavalin paid $6M in kickbacks to Tunisian president’s son-in-law: RCMP, May 21 2013 (http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/snc-lavalin-paid-6m-in-kickbacks-to-tunisian-presidents-son-in-law-rcmp)
29 Patricia Adams and Brady Yauch, How Canada encourages corrupt companies, Financial Post Nov 4 2013 (http://business.financialpost.com/fp-comment/how-canada-encourages-corrupt-companies)
30 Greg McArthur, SNC division created web of illicit payments, documents show, The Globe and Mail, May 15 2013
31 Ibid
32 Dave Seglins, 10 countries where SNC-Lavalin contracts under scrutiny Invoices, budgets list scores of ‘illegitimate’ project costs, May 15 2013 (http://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/snc-lavalin-payments/)
33 Greg McArthur, SNC division created web of illicit payments, documents show, The Globe and Mail, May 15 2013
34 Kelly Cryderman, Hunt for Griffiths bribery gains turns to former ambassador’s wife, The Globe and Mail, Mar 22 2013
35 Glencore set to pay $1.35 billion for Canada’s Caracal, April 14 2014 (http://www.plsx.com/news/article/glencore-set-to-pay-135-billion-for-canadas-caracal)
36 Jacquie McNish Carrie Tait Chrétien played key role in controversial Chad oil deal, The Globe and Mail, Feb 1 2013
37 Ibid
38 Ibid
39 Peter C. Newman, Titans (The Canadian Establishment, Vol. 3), 192
40 Alan Freeman, The little fixer from Shawinigan?, Globe and Mail, Mar 5 2005
41 Ibid
42 Ibid
43 Ibid
44 Gambia: Ex-Canadian Prime Minister Meets Jammeh, The Daily Observer Banjul, Feb 22 2006 (http://allafrica.com/stories/200602220885.html)
45 Brian Hutchinson and Theresa Tedesco, How Heenan Blaikie’s Stunning Collapse Started with a Rogue African Arms Deal, Financial Post, Feb 15 2014
46 Jean Chrétien joins another law firm as Heenan Blaikie winds up, The Canadian Press, Feb 10 2014
(http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/jean-chr%C3%A9tien-joins-another-law-firm-as-heenan-blaikie-winds-up-1.2531522)
47 Hugo Fontaine, Jean Charest en mission en Afrique, La Presse, Apr 5 2013 (http://affaires.lapresse.ca/economie/international/201304/05/01-4637803-jean-charest-en-mission-en-afrique.php)
48 Geoffrey York, Canadian miners take another look at Africa, The Globe and Mail, Feb 3 2014
49 Suprex Energy Corp Sells Tanzania & Mozambique Properties, CNW CORP, July 2 1997
(http://www.siliconinvestor.com/readmsgs.aspx?subjectid=10229&msgnum=3871&batchsize=10&batchtype=Previous)
50 Bonnie Campbell, Canadian Mining Interests and Human Rights in Africa in the Context of Globalization, Section II: Canadian Mining Interests in Africa, Jan 1999
51 William Mbaho, West African Hardwood: Out of Africa, BC Business, July 1 2006
52 Ibid
53 Patrick McGroarty, Africa Loses $60 Billion a Year Illegally, Report Says, Wall Street Journal, Feb 1 2015
54 Ibid
55 Nicholas Shaxson, Treasure Islands: Uncovering the Damage of Offshore Banking and Tax Havens, 157
56 Ibid, 27
57 Alain Deneault, Canada: A New Tax Haven How the Country That Shaped Caribbean Tax Havens is Becoming One Itself, 114
58 Shaxson, Treasure Islands, 11
59 Ibid, 158
60 Nicole Reinert and Zach Dubinsky, How Canada’s banks help money move in and out of tax havens, CBC News, Jun 25 2013 (http://www.cbc.ca/m/news/business/how-canada-s-banks-help-money-move-in-and-out-of-tax-havens-1.1384336)
61 Ibid
62 Deneault Canada: A New Tax Haven, 256
63 Ibid, 257
64 Ibid, 104
65 Ibid
66 Ibid, 109
67 Ibid
68 Canadian $$ in Tax Havens Reach $199 Billion Taxfairness.ca (http://www.taxfairness.ca/en/news/canadian-tax-havens-reach-199-billion)
69 Statement Prepared for the International Monetary and Financial Committee of the Board of Governors of the International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC, Apr 25 2009 (https://www.fin.gc.ca/n08/09-040-eng.asp)
70 Deneault, Canada, 192
71 Jamie Doward, Glencore denies allegations over copper mine tax, The Observer, Apr 17 2011 (http://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/apr/17/glencore-denies-copper-tax-allegations)
72 Ibid
73 Ibid
74 Tax Evasion in Zambia: NGOs File Complaint Against Glencore, First Quantum for Violation of OECD Guidelines Apr 12 2011 (http://www.miningwatch.ca/news/tax-evasion-zambia-ngos-file-complaint-against-glencore-first-quantum-violation-oecd-guidelines)
75 Mark Curtis and Tundu Lissu, A golden opportunity?: How Tanzania is failing to benefit from gold mining, The Christian Council of Tanzania CCT, The National Council of Muslims in Tanzania BAKWATA, and The Tanzania Episcopal Conference, Oct 2008
76 Ibid
77 Ibid
78 Michele Fletcher, Why Tanzania Needs to Be Careful about Gas Revenues, July 18 2014 (http://www.gfintegrity.org/tanzania-needs-careful-gas-revenues/)
79 Clarification sought from Barrick and Acacia By RAID, Mar 27 2015 (http://www.raid-uk.org/blog/clarification-sought-barrick-and-acacia)
80 RDC: Tenke Fungurume Mining accusé de surévaluer son investissement, Radio Okapi, Nov 2 2012 (http://radiookapi.net/emissions-2/linvite-du-jour/2012/11/02/rdc-tenke-fungurume-mining-accuse-de-surevaluer-son-investissement/)
81 Annual Information Form For the Year Ended Dec 31, 2010, Mar 31 2011 (http://www.lundinmining.com/i/pdf/2010_AIF.pdf)
82 Canada in Mali: Aid, Gold, Cotton, Migration, version 20090922 (web.ncf.ca/fm122/mali/canada-mali.doc)
83 Ibid
84 Kofi Adu Domfeh, GRA tasked to retrieve 6.6m from Prestea Sankofa Gold Ghana, Luv News, Mar 30 2015 (http://www.myjoyonline.com/business/2015/march-30th/gra-tasked-to-retrieve-66m-from-prestea-sankofa-gold.php#sthash.8e78acXe.dpuf)
85 Ibid
86 Consolidated Financial Statements of Teranga Gold Corporation For the periods ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 (http://member.afraccess.com/media?id=CMN://6A625647&filename=20130221/TGZ_01384116.pdf)
87 Abdoulaye Massalaatchi and Mark John, Niger committee says studies Semafo gold contract, Reuters, July 9 2010 (http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/07/09/niger-semafo-idUSLDE6681FR20100709)
88 Scandale des richesses minières : le Niger crie famine, la Semafo célèbre son « millionième » once d’or, Ouestafnews, Mar 22 2010 (http://www.ouestaf.com/Scandale-des-richesses-minieres-le-Niger-crie-famine-la-Semafo-celebre-son-millionieme-once-d-or_a2857.html)
Chapter Sixteen
1 Nnimmo Bassey, To cook a continent: Destructive Extraction and the Climate Crisis in Africa, 110
2 Temesgen Kifle, Africa hit hardest by Global Warming despite its low Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Institute for World Economics and International Management, 2008
3 Paul Vallely Climate change will be catastrophe for Africa, Independent, May 16 2006 (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-nuclear-deal-satirical-website-the-onion-accidentally-breaks-story-about-the-us-offering-missiles-to-israel-10404684.html?icn=puff-7)
4 Mark Hertsgaard, Climate Change Kills 400,000 a Year, New Report Reveals, Daily Beast, Sept 27 2012 (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/09/27/climate-change-kills-400-000-a-year-new-report-reveals.html)
5 Naomi Klein, This changes everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, 276
6 The Cost of Adaptation to Climate Change in Africa, African Development Bank, Oct 2011 (http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Cost%20of%20Adaptation%20in%20Africa.pdf)
7 Michael Fleshman, Climate change: Africa gets ready, Africa Renewal, July 2007 (http://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/july-2007/climate-change-africa-gets-ready#sthash.FYktP0QW.dpuf)
8 What Climate Change Means for Africa, Asia and the Coastal Poor, World Bank, June 19 2013 (http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2013/06/19/what-climate-change-means-africa-asia-coastal-poor)
9 Costs of Climate Change Adaptation Expected to Rise Far Beyond Africa’s Coping Capacity Even if Warming Kept Below 2°C, United Nations Environment Programme, Mar 4 2015 (http://www.unep.org/newscentre/default.aspx?DocumentID=26788&ArticleID=34788)
10 Jason Straziuso, Global warming may have fueled Somali drought, Associated Press, Mar 15 2013 (http://news.yahoo.com/global-warming-may-fueled-somali-172950248.html)
11 Climate Vulnerability Monitor 2nd Edition (http://daraint.org/climate-vulnerability-monitor/climate-vulnerability-monitor-2012/)
12 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2014 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Regional Aspects, 1225
13 Bryan Walsh, Malaria Climbs Mountains as the Climate Warms, Time, Mar 6 2014
14 Peter Aldhous, African conflicts spurred by warming, New Scientist, Nov 23 2009 (https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18185-african-conflicts-spurred-by-warming/)
15 Forecast: the consequences of climate change, 27
16 Klein, This Changes Everything, 270
17 David Shukman, Geo-engineering: Climate fixes ‘could harm billions’, BBC News Nov 26 2014 (http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30197085)
18 Klein, This Changes Everything, 276
19 Ibid
20 Carbon emissions 2010 (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AonYZs4MzlZbdGNQcEtMeF9VSzZvU3FOQ0F4V3pDbFE#gid=0)
21 Ibid
22 Adam Vaughan, A history of CO2 emissions, Guardian, Sept 2 2009 (http://www.theguardian.com/environment/datablog/2009/sep/02/co2-emissions-historical)
23 Ibid
24 Barry Saxifrage, Climate pollution: 140 nations vs Alberta’s tar sands, Vancouver Observer, Nov 21 2013 (http://www.vancouverobserver.com/blogs/climatesnapshot/climate-pollution-140-nations-vs-albertas-tar-sands)
25 Andy Rowell, Keeping their head in the sands: Canada’s EU Fuel Quality Directive lobby diary, Friends of the Earth Europe, Jan 2013 (http://www.foeeurope.org/sites/default/files/publications/keeping_their_head_in_the_sand_january_2013.pdf.)
26 Tories spend on Keystone XL ads, while cutting environmental funding, Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada, news release, May 27 2013 (http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1172403/tories-spend-on-keystone-xl-ads-while-cutting-environment-funding).
27 Desmond Tutu and the oil sands’ misguided critics, National Post, Dec 1 2011
28 Canada wins ‘Lifetime Unachievement’ Fossil award at Warsaw climate talks, Nov 22 2013 (http://climateactionnetwork.ca/2013/11/22/canada-wins-lifetime-unachievement-fossil-award-at-warsaw-climate-talks/)
29 Wisdom Mdzungairi, South Africa Asks Canada to Reconsider, Dec 2 2011 (http://allafrica.com/stories/201112021607.html)
30 Edwin Musoni, Canada’s withdrawal from Kyoto unfortunate – Kamanzi, New Times, Dec 15 2011 (http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2011-12-15/37731/)
31 Suzanne Goldenberg, Canada reveals climate stance with praise for Australian carbon tax repeal Nov 13 2013 (http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/nov/13/canada-climate-australia-carbon-tax)
32 Chris Arsenault, Drought, expanding deserts and ‘food for jihad’ drive Mali’s conflict, Reuters, Apr 27 2015 (http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/27/us-climatechange-mali-conflict-idUSKBN0NI16M20150427); The magnitude of the problem (http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5318e/x5318e02.htm)
33 Canada quietly pulls out of UN anti-droughts, The Canadian Press, Mar 27 2013 (http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-quietly-pulls-out-of-un-anti-droughts-convention-1.1388320)
Conclusion
1 Angus Maddison, Growth and Interaction in the World Economy The Roots of Modernity, 7 (http://www.ggdc.net/Maddison/other_books/Growth_and_Interaction_in_the_World_Economy.pdf)
2 Ewout Frankemaa and Marlous Van Waijenburga, Structural Impediments to African Growth? New Evidence from Real Wages in British Africa, 1880-1965, CGEH Working Paper No. 24, Dec 10 2011 (http://www.cgeh.nl/sites/default/files/WorkingPapers/CGEH.WP_.No24.Frankema&vanWaijenburg2.pdf)
3 Ibid
4 Michael Barratt Brown, Africa’s Choices: After Thirty Years of the World Bank, 21
5 Léonce Ndikumana and James Boyce, Africa’s Odious Debts: How Foreign Loans and Capital Flight Bled a Continent, 38
6 Honest Accounts? The True Story of Africa’s Billion Dollar Losses, Report by Health Poverty Action, Jubilee Debt Campaign, World Development Movement, African Forum and Network on Debt and Development (AFRODAD), Friends of the Earth Africa, Tax Justice Network, People’s Health Movement Kenya, Zimbabwe and UK, War on Want, Community Working Group on Health Zimbabwe, Medact, Healthworkers4All Coalition, groundWork, Friends of the Earth South Africa, JA!Justica Ambiental/Friends of the Earth Mozambique, July 2014 (http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/honest-accounts_final-version.pdf)