I. (p. 123.) Frederick G. Detweiler, The Negro Press in the U.S.
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1922), 'p. 77.
2. (p. 124.) Amsterdam News, September 5 and 19, 1917, quoted in Theodore Draper, American Communism and Soviet Russia (New York: The Viking Press, 1960), p. 323.
3. (p. 124.) "Liberty For All!" Amsterdam News, 1918, quoted without full date in Draper, p. 323.
4. (p. 125.) The Crusader, November 1921, quoted in Draper, pp. 505-06.
5. (p. 125.) In 1946, while researching material for Negro Liberation, l had occasion to look over the file of The Crusader in the Schomburg Collection of the New York Public Library. It seemed at the time to be almost complete. I learned later from Briggs, who sought to consult these files in 1967, that they had disappeared. Theodore Draper, in preparation for his hatchet job on communism, American Communism and Soviet
Russia, was able to track down fourteen copies in the Howard U niversity Library. For the present, pending my own research, I am relying partially on Draper's quotes, but not, of course, upon his interpretation.
6. (p. 125.) The Crusader, April 1921, p. 9, quoted in Draper, p. 324.
7. (p. 129.) The Bugs Club was a corner of Washington Park used for open-air speaking in the twenties and thirties. The Dill Pickle Forum gathered on the north side on Saturdays under the leadership of the anarchist, Jack Jones. A wide variety of radicals attended the meetings and spoke there, including Emma Goldman.
8. (p. 130.) See Spear, Black Chicago, pp. 198-99.
9. (p. 138.) Ray Ginger, The Rending Cross (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1949), p. 260.
10. (p. 138.) International Socialist Review, November 1903, pp. 258-59.
NOTES
651
11. (p. 138.) Ibid., January 1904, p. 396.
12. (p. 140.) In 1922, right-wing union leaders drove the Communist Party (then called the Workers Party) out of the Conference for Progressive Political Action. This was the organization which ran LaFollette for president in 1924 when he got one sixth of the vote. In 1923, the Farmer-Labor Party, led by "center" union leaders like Fitzpatrick of the Chicago Federation of Labor, split with the W orkers Party. This marked the defeat of the Party's early efforts to build a farmer-labor party. For Foster's analysis, see William Z. Foster, History
o_f the Communist Party of the United States (New York: International Publishers, 19S2), pp. 211-23. For Ruthenberg's version, see Charles E.
Ruthenberg, From the Third Through the Fourth Convention of the
Workers (Communist) Party of America (Chicago: Daily Worker Publishing Co., 192S), pp. 10-14.
13. (p. 142.) Ruthenberg, p. 18.
14. (p. 143.) "Proceedings of the Fourth National Convention of the Workers (Communist) Party of America (1925)," p. 119.
15. (p. 143.) Ibid.
16. (p. 143.) The Trade Union Educational League (TUEL) was founded in 1920 to organize the "militant minority" in the trade unions.
William Z. Foster and other TUEL leaders joined the Workers Party in 1921. The foliowing year, the TUEL launched a successful campaign to win unions representing millions of workers to support its main demands: for a labor party; for amalgamation (industrial unionism); and for recognition of Soviet Russia.
17. (p. 145.) Sterling D. Spero and Abram L. Harris, The Black Worker
(New York: Atheneum, 1968), p. 425.
18. (p. 146.) James W. Ford, The Negro and the Democratic Front
(New York: International Publishers, 1938), p. 82.